Table 2.
Intention-to-treat analysis for the primary and secondary endpoints after LLLT interventions.
| LLLT group (n = 20) | 95% CI (LLLT) | Placebo group (n = 20) | 95% CI (placebo) | Effect size (dcohen) | p-value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Primary endpoint | ||||||
| Fluorescein corneal staining (FCS)a | 1.45 (1.39) | 0.80–2.10 | 1.55 (1.24) | 0.95–2.15 | 0.211 | 0.717 |
| Secondary endpoints | ||||||
| Ocular surface disease index (OSDI)b | 25.20 (19.29) | 16.17–34.23 | 24.05 (17.80) | 15.21–31.97 | 0.035 | 0.787 |
| Tear break-up time (TBUT)b | 6.84 (1.88) | 5.96–7.73 | 5.97 (2.71) | 4.67–7.28 | − 0.106 | 0.256 |
| Lissamine green conjunctival staining (LGCS)a | 0.85 (0.99) | 0.39–1.31 | 0.60 (0.80) | 0.22–0.98 | − 0.202 | 0.495 |
| Schirmer’s testb | 9.03 (4.41) | 6.96–11.09 | 7.75 (5.13) | 5.29–10.21 | − 0.094 | 0.412 |
| Lid debrisa | 0.65 (1.04) | 0.16–1.14 | 1.10 (0.99) | 0.62–1.58 | 0.576 | 0.164 |
| Lid swellinga | 0.70 (0.98) | 0.24–1.16 | 1.20 (1.33) | 0.56–1.84 | 0.545 | 0.250 |
| Lid telangiectasiaa | 1.55 (0.83) | 1.16–1.94 | 1.90 (1.34) | 1.26–2.54 | 0.537 | 0.426 |
| Meibomian gland qualitya | 1.75 (0.79) | 1.38–2.12 | 1.80 (0.87) | 1.38–2.22 | 0.346 | 0.985 |
| Meibomian gland expressibilitya | 12.85 (1.75) | 12.03–13.67 | 10.85 (4.05) | 8.90–12.80 | − 0.433 | 0.137 |
| Upper eyelid meibographya | 1.30 (1.26) | 0.71–1.89 | 1.45 (1.36) | 0.80–2.10 | 0.241 | 0.764 |
| Lower eyelid meibographya | 1.75 (1.25) | 1.16–2.34 | 1.90 (1.14) | 1.35–2.45 | 0.324 | 0.823 |
aWilcoxon rank sum test results.
bIndependent sample t-test.