Table 2.

Risk factors associated with the clinical outcome (death or hospital discharge) of COVID-19 patients using Cox proportional hazards models

	Univariate analysis*		Multivariate analysis
	HR (95% CI)	P-value	HR (95% CI)	P-value
Male gender	2.23 (1.60 to 3.12)	0.016
Patient age &	1.05 (1.03 to 1.06)	9.8 × 10−4	1.07 (1.04 to 1.09)	0.002
Baseline disease severity	24.2 (13.3 to 44.1)	1.1 × 10−7	38.0 (12.9 to 111.3)	7 × 10− 4
Baseline symptoms
Fatigue	2.02 (1.48 to 2.75)	0.023
Baseline comorbidity
Cardiovascular disease	2.33 (1.54 to 3.53)	0.041
Blood routine biomarkers
White blood cells	1.18 (1.15 to 1.21)	3 × 10−10
Neutrophils	1.14 (1.11 to 1.16)	2.2 × 10−9
Lymphocytes	0.03 (0.02 to 0.06)	6 × 10− 10
Coagulation biomarkers
D-dimer	1.10 (1.08 to 1.12)	5.4 × 10−8	1.09 (1.06 to 1.13)	0.006
Prothrombin time	1.57 (1.43 to 1.72)	9.6 × 10−7
Biochemistry biomarkers
Albumin	0.85 (0.82 to 0.87)	4.8 × 10−4
Aspartate aminotransferase	1.02 (1.01 to 1.03)	6.2 × 10− 4
Total cholesterol	0.56 (0.46 to 0.67)	0.0017
Total bilirubin	1.08 (1.06 to 1.11)	0.0001
Blood urea nitrogen	1.15 (1.12 to 1.17)	8.3 × 10−3
Creatinine	1.02 (1.01 to 1.02)	6.3 × 10−5
Cardiac biomarkers
Troponin I	1.03 (1.02 to 1.03)	5 × 10−3
Myocardial creatine kinase	1.38 (1.29 to 1.49)	7.6 × 10−6
Inflammatory biomarkers
C-reactive protein	1.01 (1.01 to 1.01)	5.9 × 10−9
Procalcitonin	8.38 (5.56 to 12.6)	2.2 × 10−7
IL-6	1.11 (1.10 to 1.13)	3 × 10−14	1.12 (1.10 to 1.14)	0.025
IL-8	1.02 (1.01 to 1.02)	6.2 × 10−7
IL-10	1.03 (1.02 to 1.04)	2.7 × 10−4
TNF-α	1.04 (1.03 to 1.06)	6.6 × 10−3

*: A total of 62 biomarkers were tested in our survival analysis and only variables with a significant hazard ratio (HR) at the significance level of p-value < 0.05 are listed in the table

&: Increase per year