Table 1.
Demographic, BMI, metabolic disorders and biochemical characteristics of study subjects.
| Case-control study |
Prospective longitudinal study |
||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| NWC (N=20) | MOP (N=27) | MOP (N=36) | Post-operative (N=36) |
||
| 3-months | 6-months | ||||
| Gender ratio (Female/male) | 15/5 | 18/9 | 34/2 | ||
| p = 0.75A | |||||
| Race/ethnicity: | 18/36 | ||||
| African American | 1/20 (5%) | 2/27 (7.4%) | |||
| Caucasian | 19/20 (95%) | 25/27 (92.6%) | 18/36 | ||
| p = 1A | |||||
| Age (years); median [25/75- IQR] | 43 [35–49] | 39 [36–45] | 44 [37–51] | ||
| p = 0.66A | |||||
| Weight (pounds); median [25/75- IQR] | 133.1 [119.5–163.3] | 290 [268–332] | 273.5 [249.3–316.3] | 231.5 [215.8–270.8] | 217.5 [202.3–244.8] |
| p < 0.0001A | p < 0.0001B | p < 0.0001C p < 0.001D | |||
| BMI (Kg/m2); median [25/75- IQR] | 22.7 [21.35–25.95] | 47.5 [41.8–51.8] | 46.8 [42.7–50.8] | 39.8 [36.7–43.6] | 37.1 [34.9–40.2] |
| p < 0.0001A | p < 0.0001B | p < 0.0001C p < 0.001D | |||
| Percent of weight loss (%WL); median [25/75- IQR] | 14 [11–16] | 19 [15.3–23] p < 0.0001D | |||
| Percent excess body weight loss (%EBWL); median [25/75- IQR] | 28.8 [24.1–36.1] | 42.6 [32.7–49.6] p < 0.0001D | |||
| Surgery: | 32/36 (88.9%) | ||||
| Sleeve gastrectomy | |||||
| RYGB | 4/36 (11.1%) | ||||
| % Subjects with Metabolic Syndrome*, n/N (%) | 1/12 (8.3%) | 23/27 (85.2%) | 30/36 (83.3%) | 21/35 (60%) | 18/33 (54.5%) |
| p < 0.0001A | |||||
| Subjects pre-diagnosed with T2D, having treatment, and/or having fasting plasma glucose ≥100 mg/dL, n/N (%) | 0/13 (0%) | 12/27 (44.4%) | 15/36 (41.2%) | 8/35 (22.9%) | 9/33 (27.3%) |
| p = 0.004A | |||||
| Subjects pre-diagnosed with hypertension, having treatment, and/or having systolic blood pressure ≥ 130 or diastolic ≥ 85 mmHg, n/N (%) | 3/13 (23%) | 23/27 (85.2%) | 30/36 (83.3%) | 22/36 (61.1%) | 24/36 (66.7%) |
| p = 0.0002A | |||||
| Subjects in treatment for hypercholesterolemia, had total cholesterol ≥ 100 mg/dL, or low levels of HDL-cholesterol, n/N (%) | 8/13 (61.5%) | 23/27 (85.2%) | 27/36 (75%) | 28/35 (80%) | 19/32 (59.4%) |
| p = 0.008A | |||||
| Subjects pre-diagnosed with hypertriglyceridemia, having treatment and/or had triglyceride levels ≥ 150 mg/dL, n/N (%) | 2/13 (16.7%) | 8/27 (29.6%) | 9/36 (25%) | 8/36 (22.2%) | 7/36 (19.4%) |
| Metabolic parameters (median [25/75- IQR]) | |||||
| Fasting Glucose, mg/dL | 85.5 [77.3–91] | 78 [73.8–89] | 78.5 [69.5–103] | 86 [81.3–92] | 85.5 [80–92.8] |
| Insulin, uU/mL | 6.05 [1.4–13.4] | 9.8 [6.5–13.2] | 7.5 [3.7–11.7] | 8.9 [6.6–16.9] | 8.8 [6.4–15.1] |
| p = 0.09A | |||||
| HOMA-B | 90.2 [63.8–148.1] | 146.1 [93.3–191] | 94.3 [59.3–179.6] | 103.5 [87.4–162.8] | 114.5 [89.8–139.7] |
| p = 0.09A | |||||
| HOMA-S | 126.8 [67.25–264.5] | 82.6 [61.95–121.2] | 104.8 [68.3–218.9] | 94.6 [51.7–119.8] | 91 [61.1–123.9] |
| HOMA-IR index | 0.79 [0.4–1.6] | 1.21 [0.8–1.6] | 0.96 [0.5–1.5] | 1.1 [0.84–2.1] | 1.1 [0.8–1.9] |
| Total cholesterol, mg/dL | 197 [170.5–224.3] | 146.5 [115.8–163.3] | 154 [116.5–167.5] | 168 [140.5–200.5] | 175 [149–199] |
| p < 0.0001A | p < 0.01B | p < 0.0001C | |||
| LDL-cholesterol, mg/dL | 108.1 [98.2–137.2] | 83.7 [74.9–104.1] | 87.9 [66.7–108.9] | 105.9 [78.9–121.3] | 105.1 [74–118.4] |
| p = 0.01A | p < 0.01B | p < 0.01C | |||
| HDL-cholesterol, mg/dL | 61 [49.5–74.4] | 37.05 [31.25–44.25] | 42.9 [34–50.6] | 47.1 [41.5–56.5] | 56.9 [45.7–64.5] |
| p < 0.0001A | p < 0.0001C p < 0.01D | ||||
| Triglycerides, mg/dL | 66 [50.5–130.5] | 90 [73.8–114] | 85 [65–106] | 80 [59.5–105.5] | 69 [52–107] |
| p = 0.46A | |||||
| Ratio Cholesterol Total/HDL | 3.2 [2.8–4.2] | 3.8 [3.2–4.8] | 3.3 [2.7–4.2] | 3.5 [3–4.2] | 3.1 [2.8–3.7] |
| p = 0.15A | |||||
| Ratio HDL/LDL | 1 [0–1] | 0 [0–1] | 1 [0–1] | 0 [0–1] | 1 [0–1] |
| p = 0.27A | |||||
| Ratio TG/HDL | 1 [0.25–3] | 2 [2–4] | 2 [1–3] | 1.5 [1–3] | 1 [0–1] |
| p = 0.02A | p < 0.01C | ||||
*Metabolic syndrome thresholds established by the International Diabetes Federation (IDF, consensus 2006) were used to estimate the patients with metabolic syndrome. Those having 3 or more parameters according to the IDF criteria were identified as having MetS. Wilcoxon rank-sum test was used to compare continuous covariates between NWC and MOP for the case-control study. Fisher's exact tests were used to compare distributions of categorical covariates in these groups. Superscript A for p-values comparing pre-op MOP with NWC. Paired Wilcoxon signed-rank tests were used to perform pairwise comparisons of continuous variables (Age, Weight, BMI) and chi-squared tests of independence were used for categorical variables (Gender, Race) for the Prospective longitudinal study. Superscript B and C for p-values comparing 3-months and 6-months, respectively, with the matched pair pre-op patient. Superscript D for p-value comparing 3-months with the matched pair 6-months post-op. Significance level was considered when p ≤ 0•05. NWC indicates Normal Weight Control; MOP, Morbidly Obese Patient; N represents the total number of participants evaluated; n/N, fraction of the population with specific characteristic; BMI, body mass index; RYGB, Roux-en-Y gastric bypass; HOMA-B, beta-cell function; HOMA-S, insulin sensitivity; HOMA-IR, homeostasis model assessment insulin resistance; LDL, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; HDL, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol. Values are shown as n/N (%), median with 25 and 75 interquartile ranges (IQR).