Table 1.

Patient characteristics at baseline by country and sex

Parameter	All		Brazil		France		Germany		US
	Men	Women	Men	Women	Men	Women	Men	Women	Men	Women
Patients, n	4811	3426	398	366	1944	1024	1480	1110	989	926
Demographics
Age, yr	71 [63–78]	71 [61–79]	67 [58–75]	66 [55–76]	69 [62–77]	67 [58–76]	74 [66–79]	76 [69–82]	71 [62–78]	70 [61–78]
Black race, %	7	10	25	27	3	2	–	–	17	26
Marital status, %
Married	72	47	76	51	74	52	–	–	68	42
Widowed	7	26	11	31	6	24	–	–	8	27
Divorced	9	12	4	5	10	12	–	–	10	14
Single (never married) or separated	11	14	9	14	10	12	–	–	14	17
Employeda, %	53	39	44	24	71	56	–	–	36	31
Smoker, %	10	6	7	5	13	10	6	2	11	7
Education < high school, %	18	26	59	62	12	20	–	–	12	16
Clinical status
Body mass index, kg/m2	29.0 (5.3)	29.7 (7.0)	27.8 (5.0)	28.2 (5.5)	28.6 (5.1)	29.0 (7.1)	28.9 (5.2)	29.3 (6.2)	30.9 (6.2)	32.3 (7.8)
Clinic visit frequency, per year	2.6 [1.7–4.0]	2.9 [1.9–4.1]	4.0 [2.8–6.0]	4.0 [2.8–5.5]	2.1 [1.4–2.9]	2.0 [1.4–3.0]	–	–	3.6 [2.4–5.3]	3.7 [2.5–5.0]
Characteristics of CKD
eGFR, ml/min per 1.73 m2	28.9 (11.5)	27.0 (10.8)	26.6 (11.9)	25.3 (11.5)	32.8 (11.5)	31.2 (11.0)	26.0 (10.0)	25.2 (9.2)	26.4 (11.1)	25.3 (10.6)
CKD stage
Stage 3	39	33	35	30	56	51	23	19	33	30
Stage 4	53	58	50	52	41	44	70	76	53	55
Stage 5	8	9	15	19	4	5	7	6	14	15
CKD vintage,b yr	4.6 [2.2–8.6]	4.1 [1.8–8.1]	2.7 [0.8–5.6]	2.8 [1.1–6.1]	5.2 [2.6–9.9]	5.1 [2.3–10.4]	–	–	4.1 [1.7–7.5]	3.6 [1.5–6.8]
Reported cause of CKD,c %
Diabetes	29	29	36	39	21	19	32	29	36	37
Hypertension	30	30	35	29	22	18	34	37	36	33
Glomerulonephritis/vasculitis	17	12	8	11	26	21	11	6	8	9
Tubulointerstitial disease	7	11	8	11	10	17	4	9	3	5
Polycystic	4	5	3	4	4	8	3	3	2	3
Other	12	12	6	3	10	11	15	15	12	10
Unknown	1	2	3	4	6	7	1	1	3	3
Albuminuria or equivalentd
Normal to mildly increased	27	38	43	47	24	34	28	44	31	37
Moderately increased	28	28	21	19	31	32	29	32	22	23
Severely increased	45	33	36	34	45	34	44	24	47	41
Comorbidities, %
Coronary artery disease	33	21	25	20	30	15	35	22	37	26
Cerebrovascular disease	12	9	12	7	14	7	10	10	11	10
Congestive heart failure	15	14	16	15	14	11	14	13	17	18
Other cardiovascular disease	25	20	14	13	29	24	24	19	24	20
Peripheral vascular disease	21	14	24	23	20	12	22	14	18	14
Hypertension	89	89	91	91	91	90	84	85	92	93
Diabetes	47	45	49	45	46	39	45	41	54	56
Cancer (nonskin)	20	13	12	5	24	17	17	11	20	16
Gastrointestinal bleeding	1	1	2	3	1	1	2	2	2	1
HIV/AIDS	0.6	0.4	1.2	0.8	1	1	0.1	0	1.2	0.3
Lung disease	10	9	9	6	11	9	8	6	13	13
Neurologic disease	3	4	11	13	2	3	2	2	4	6
Any psychiatric disordere	7	13	11	21	7	14	4	6	12	19
Depression	5	12	8	21	5	13	2	4	9	17
Recurrent cellulitis/gangrene	3	3	7	6	–	–	1	2	4	4
Laboratoryf
S. phosphorus, mg/dl	3.7 (1.5)	3.9 (0.8)	4.1 (1.0)	4.4 (1.2)	3.5 (2.0)	3.8 (0.7)	3.6 (0.8)	3.8 (0.7)	3.9 (1.1)	3.9 (0.9)
S. calcium, mg/dl	9.4 (5.6)	9.4 (0.7)	9.4 (0.7)	9.3 (0.8)	9.6 (8.3)	9.5 (0.6)	9.2 (0.6)	9.4 (0.7)	9.1 (0.6)	9.3 (0.6)
S. PTH, pg/ml	92 [54–151]	92 [57–157]	97 [53–188]	97 [62–188]	79 [49–130]	84 [54–138]	111 [68–187]	100 [62–166]	103 [62–165]	100 [62–180]
S. potassium, mEq/l	4.6 (0.6)	4.5 (0.6)	4.8 (0.6)	4.8 (0.7)	4.6 (0.5)	4.5 (0.5)	4.7 (0.7)	4.5 (0.6)	4.6 (0.6)	4.5 (0.6)
S. albumin, g/dl	4.0 (0.6)	3.9 (0.6)	4.0 (0.6)	3.8 (0.7)	4.0 (0.5)	4.0 (0.5)	4.1 (0.7)	4.2 (0.6)	3.8 (0.6)	3.8 (0.5)
Hemoglobin, g/dl	12.8 (1.9)	11.9 (1.5)	12.6 (2.1)	11.6 (1.6)	13.3 (1.7)	12.3 (1.4)	12.6 (1.8)	12.0 (1.4)	12.2 (2.0)	11.3 (1.6)
Ferritin, ng/ml	143 [81–259]	120 [60–225]	175 [93–383]	136 [62–239]	138 [81–245]	109 [58–186]	145 [75–271]	125 [60–248]	159 [75–287]	144 [62–301]
TSAT, %	24 [18–30]	22 [17–29]	27 [20–34]	24 [19–33]	24 [19–30]	22 [17–29]	23 [18–29]	21 [16–27]	21 [17–30]	21 [1–25]
CRP,g mg/dl	0.5 [0.2–1.2]	0.5 [0.2–1.4]	–	–	0.4 [0.2–0.8]	0.4 [0.2–0.9]	0.7 [0.3–2.0]	0.7 [0.2–2.2]	–	–
Systolic blood pressure, mm Hg	138 (21)	139 (21)	132 (19)	135 (21)	143 (20)	142 (21)	136 (21)	138 (22)	136 (20)	137 (21)
HbA1c,h %	6.9 [6.3–7.7]	7.1 [6.3–8.1]	6.8 [6.2–7.8]	7.3 [6.2–8.2]	6.9 [6.3–7.6]	7.1 [6.4–8.2]	6.9 [6.4–7.8]	6.9 [6.2–7.8]	6.9 [6.3–8.1]	7.0 [6.1–8.1]
S. glucose,h mg/dl
Fasting	133 [107–163]	128 [101–166]	116 [95–158]	130 [97–191]	131 [108–157]	127 [101–157]	139 [106–187]	137 [103–175]	136 [107–187]	126 [100–185]
Nonfasting	138 [107–187]	139 [107–190]	112 [98–133]	132 [104–160]	144 [109–174]	133 [117–162]	142 [109–194]	146 [115–196]	146 [112–192]	139 [105–198]

Values reported in mean (SD) or median [interquartile range].

CKD, chronic kidney disease; CKDopps, Chronic Kidney Disease Outcomes and Practice Patterns Study; CRP, C-reactive protein; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; HbA1c, hemoglobin A1c; KDIGO, Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes; N, number; S., serum; PTH, parathyroid hormone; TSAT, transferrin saturation; US, United States.

^aRestricted to age <65 years old.

^bTime already spent in the CKD clinic on study inclusion into CKDopps.

^c10% missing in Brazil and 35% missing in the US.

^dThresholds from KDIGO 2012 guidelines: normal or mildly increased (<30 mg/g); moderately increased (30–300 mg/g); severely increased (>300 mg/g); % of missing data is 51% in Brazil, 9% in France, 49% in Germany, and 46% in the US.

^eIncludes depression, bipolar disorder, schizophrenia/psychotic disorder, and alcohol or other substance abuse within past 12 months.

^fThe most recent value within 6 months before CKDopps enrollment.

^gResults for Brazil and US are suppressed owing to high % missingness (>90%); 51% and 52% missingness in French and German data, respectively.

^hRestricted to patients with diabetes.