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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2022 Mar 5.
Published in final edited form as: Clin Auton Res. 2017 Oct 19;27(6):361–367. doi: 10.1007/s10286-017-0474-y

Figure 4: The square wave response evoked by central IV infusion of cold saline.

Figure 4:

The top panel shows intra-arterial pressure associated with the Valsalva maneuver at baseline, and the bottom panel shows the pressure associated with the Valsalva maneuver in the same subject near the end of a 2-liter infusion of ice-cold saline over about 20 minutes via a centralized large-bore catheter. Note that at baseline, during the maneuver blood pressure decreases below baseline, whereas with cold saline infusion the blood pressure failes to decrease below baseline—the square wave response (flat-top response).