Table 4.

Unadjusted and adjusted prevalence ratios of hypertension, stage II hypertension, and hypertension control by levels of urbanization among adults aged 18 years and older: United States 2013–2018

		Prevalence ratio (95% CI) for the outcomes
Models	Urbanization	Hypertensiona	Stage II hypertensionb	Hypertension controlc
Model 1 (unadjusted)	Large MSAs	Reference	Reference	Reference
	Medium to small MSAs	1.12 (1.04–1.12)	1.24 (1.08–1.41)	0.99 (0.84–1.52)
	Non-MSAs	1.24 (1.15–1.33)	1.28 (1.02–1.59)	1.24 (1.01–1.53)
Model 2 (adjusted for age, sex, race, and Hispanic origin)	Large MSAs	Reference	Reference	Reference
	Medium to small MSAs	1.13 (1.05–1.20)	1.28 (1.13–1.45)	0.93 (0.88–0.98)
	Non-MSAs	1.19 (1.11–1.28)	1.25 (1.01–1.55)	0.93 (0.86–1.00)
Model 3 (adjusted, full model)	Large MSAs	Reference	Reference	Reference
	Medium to small MSAs	1.07 (0.99–1.14)	1.21 (1.06–1.36)	0.96 (0.91–1.01)
	Non-MSAs	1.06 (0.99–1.13)	1.06 (0.88–1.29)	1.00 (0.93–1.06)

Note: Model 3: adjusted for covariates, survey cycle, sex, age groups, race and Hispanic origin, family income-to-poverty ratio, level of education, health care visits, body mass index, diagnosed diabetes (defined as self-report or an HbA1c ≥6.5%), and chronic kidney disease. Abbreviations: CI, confidence interval; MSAs, metropolitan statistical areas.

^aHypertension is defined as systolic blood pressure ≥130, diastolic blood pressure ≥80 or current use of antihypertensive medication.

^bStage II hypertension is defined as systolic blood pressure ≥140 or diastolic blood pressure ≥90 among all adults.

^cHypertension control is defined as systolic blood pressure <130 and diastolic blood pressure <80 among adults with hypertension.

Source: 2013–2018 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey.