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. 2022 Mar 5;22:147. doi: 10.1186/s12909-022-03183-3

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© The Author(s) 2022

Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

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Fig. 5 — Between-study heterogeneity analysed by influence analysis. Influence analysis was carried out by using metaninf to investigate the influence of each individual study on the overall meta-analysis summary. The horizontal axis indicates the overall standard mean difference and the two vertical lines each end indicate 95% CL. Circles indicate the pooled effect calculation when the study as indicated on the left is omitted. This demonstrates the Shah (2017) study as an outlier