Table 5.
Association of race/ethnicity with outcomes in HERO health care workers (reference group: White) in logistic regression modeling.
Unadjusted model included race only; Adjusted model 1 (AM1) included race/ethnicity, timing of survey completion (weeks from study initiation), age groups (18-29, 30-49, 50-64, 65+ years), female, professional role (physical therapist (PT), administrative staff, respiratory therapist, environmental services, physician, medical assistant, physician-in-training (resident/fellow), physician's assistant (PA), nurse practitioner (NP), laboratory technician, pharmacist/pharmacy technician, paramedic/emergency medical technician, dietary/nutrition/food services, other, nurse (RN/LPN)), medical History (hypertension, diabetes mellitus, obesity/overweight, coronary artery disease, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), asthma, smoking, chronic kidney disease, autoimmune disease), and type of healthcare facility (skilled nursing facility/nursing facility (SNF/NF), outpatient clinic/facility, urgent care clinic/emergency services, other, hospital); Adjusted model 2 included all AM1 variables, socioeconomic status (median home value, median household income, % college+, % high school+, unemployment rates), rural location, and census division; Adjusted model 3 included all AM1 variables and the first 3 digits of zip codes, zip codes with 0% or 100% events were excluded. Continuous adjustment variables were cubic splined before entering models (weeks from study initiation and SES variables).
| Unadjusted Model | Adjusted Model 1 | Adjusted Model 2 | Adjusted Model 3 | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Outcomes | Race/Ethnicity | OR (95% CI) | P Value | OR (95% CI) | P Value | OR (95% CI) | P Value | OR (95% CI) | P Value |
| COVID-19 viral testing done (n= 24,769) | Black or African-American | 1·29 (1·15, 1·46) | <0·001 | 0·93 (0·80, 1·07) | 0·31 | 0·84 (0·73, 0·98) | 0·024 | 0·82 (0·70, 0·96) | 0·012 |
| Hispanic (any race) | 1·19 (1·09, 1·31) | <0·0001 | 1·24 (1·11, 1·39) | <0·001 | 1·07 (0·95, 1·21) | 0·24 | 1·07 (0·94, 1·21) | 0·33 | |
| Asian + Non-Hispanic Pacific Islander (NHPI) | 0·93 (0·84, 1·03) | 0·18 | 0·91 (0·80, 1·04) | 0·18 | 0·79 (0·69, 0·91) | <0·001 | 0·77 (0·67, 0·89) | <0·001 | |
| COVID-19 infection from tests or diagnoses (n=24,769) | Black or African-American | 1·51 (1·22, 1·86) | <0·001 | 1·26 (1·01, 1·57) | 0·041 | 1·19 (0·95, 1·48) | 0·14 | 1·06 (0·83, 1·35) | 0·65 |
| Hispanic (any race) | 1·35 (1·14, 1·61) | <0·001 | 1·35 (1·13, 1·62) | <0·001 | 1·14 (0·94, 1·37) | 0·19 | 1·23 (1·00, 1·50) | 0·048 | |
| Asian + NHPI | 1·01 (0·81, 1·25) | 0·96 | 1·03 (0·82, 1·28) | 0·82 | 0·85 (0·68, 1·07) | 0·17 | 0·91 (0·72, 1·16) | 0·45 | |
| Reuse respirator or surgical masks for most or all patients (n=12,171) | Black or African-American | 0·66 (0·54, 0·81) | <0·001 | 0·87 (0·70, 1·09) | 0·23 | 0·85 (0·68, 1·06) | 0·16 | 0·84 (0·66, 1·06) | 0·14 |
| Hispanic (any race) | 0·86 (0·75, 0·99) | 0·031 | 0·97 (0·84, 1·12) | 0·67 | 0·94 (0·81, 1·09) | 0·40 | 0·98 (0·84, 1·16) | 0·83 | |
| Asian + NHPI | 1·13 (0·97, 1·33) | 0·12 | 1·04 (0·88, 1·23) | 0·61 | 0·98 (0·82, 1·16) | 0·78 | 0·97 (0·81, 1·17) | 0·78 | |
| Reported 3 or more daily impact items (n=12,736) | Black or African-American | 0·84 (0·70, 1·02) | 0·087 | 0·77 (0·63, 0·94) | 0·0098 | 0·70 (0·57, 0·86) | <0·001 | 0·66 (0·53, 0·82) | <0·001 |
| Hispanic (any race) | 1·16 (1·02, 1·32) | 0·027 | 1·16 (1·01, 1·33) | 0·035 | 1·07 (0·92, 1·23) | 0·39 | 1·14 (0·98, 1·33) | 0·092 | |
| Asian + NHPI | 0·85 (0·72, 0·99) | 0·04 | 0·97 (0·82, 1·14) | 0·68 | 0·87 (0·73, 1·03) | 0·096 | 0·86 (0·72, 1·02) | 0·085 | |
| Burnout (n=6,866) | Black or African-American | 0·85 (0·61, 1·16) | 0·30 | 0·74 (0·53, 1·04) | 0·081 | 0·71 (0·51, 1·00) | 0·049 | 0·66 (0·46, 0·95) | 0·026 |
| Hispanic (any race) | 1·06 (0·88, 1·29) | 0·53 | 1·01 (0·83, 1·23) | 0·92 | 0·96 (0·79, 1·18) | 0·73 | 0·97 (0·78, 1·21) | 0·80 | |
| Asian + NHPI | 0·82 (0·65, 1·02) | 0·07 | 0·86 (0·68, 1·08) | 0·20 | 0·81 (0·64, 1·03) | 0·081 | 0·80 (0·62, 1·03) | 0·085 | |
| Interested in COVID-19 vaccine trial (n=7,196) | Black or African-American | 0·42 (0·31, 0·56) | <0·001 | 0·41 (0·31, 0·56) | <0·001 | 0·43 (0·32, 0·58) | <0·001 | 0·39 (0·28, 0·54) | <0·001 |
| Hispanic (any race) | 0·81 (0·68, 0·97) | 0·022 | 0·77 (0·64, 0·93) | 0·006 | 0·87 (0·72, 1·06) | 0·18 | 0·93 (0·75, 1·16) | 0·52 | |
| Asian + NHPI | 0·99 (0·79, 1·25) | 0·94 | 0·82 (0·65, 1·04) | 0·11 | 0·88 (0·69, 1·13) | 0·32 | 0·89 (0·69, 1·16) | 0·39 |