Table 3.
Comparison of standardized mean daily incidence per 100,000 people (95% confidence intervals) of suicide, alcohol related liver failure, and overdose by race (black vs. white), sex, age groups, and urban vs. rural residence pre-COVID-19 (January 2006 – March 2020) and from the onset of the pandemic.
| Pre COVID-19 | COVID-19 | p | sig | direction | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Suicide | ||||||
| 1 | Female | 0.016 (0.015, 0.017) | 0.012 (0.01, 0.014) | 0.01 | *** | ↓ (-9.32%) |
| 2 | Male | 0.06 (0.059, 0.061) | 0.055 (0.051, 0.059) | 0.04 | * | ↓ (-20.64%) |
| 3 | Age group 0–17 | 0.009 (0.008, 0.01) | 0.007 (0.005, 0.009) | 0.43 | ↓ (-21.92%) | |
| 4 | Age group 18–65 | 0.049 (0.048, 0.05) | 0.042 (0.039, 0.045) | 0.00 | *** | ↓ (-13.65%) |
| 5 | Age group Over 65 | 0.033 (0.032, 0.034) | 0.034 (0.029, 0.039) | 0.99 | ↑ (2.85%) | |
| 6 | Never married | 0.014 (0.013, 0.015) | 0.004 (0.003, 0.005) | 0.02 | *** | ↓ (-15.1%) |
| 7 | Married or legally separated | 0.109 (0.105, 0.113) | 0.124 (0.111, 0.137) | 0.00 | *** | ↑ (14.33%) |
| 8 | Divorced | 0.043 (0.042, 0.044) | 0.037 (0.033, 0.041) | 0.12 | ↓ (-69.84%) | |
| 9 | Widowed | 0.102 (0.097, 0.107) | 0.108 (0.093, 0.123) | 0.99 | ↑ (5.85%) | |
| 10 | White | 0.042 (0.041, 0.043) | 0.036 (0.033, 0.039) | 0.00 | *** | ↓ (-15.32%) |
| 11 | Black | 0.021 (0.02, 0.022) | 0.023 (0.018, 0.028) | 0.99 | ↑ (10.3%) | |
| 12 | Rural | 0.06 (0.058, 0.062) | 0.06 (0.053, 0.067) | 0.99 | ↓ (-0.05%) | |
| 13 | Urban | 0.032 (0.031, 0.033) | 0.027 (0.025, 0.029) | 0.00 | *** | ↓ (-14.21%) |
| Alcohol related liver failure | ||||||
| 1 | Female | 0.011 (0.011, 0.011) | 0.015 (0.013, 0.017) | 0.00 | *** | ↑ (50.67%) |
| 2 | Male | 0.023 (0.022, 0.024) | 0.035 (0.032, 0.038) | 0.00 | *** | ↑ (36.54%) |
| 3 | Age group 18–65 | 0.023 (0.022, 0.024) | 0.033 (0.03, 0.036) | 0.00 | *** | ↑ (40.71%) |
| 4 | Age group Over 65 | 0.015 (0.014, 0.016) | 0.027 (0.022, 0.032) | 0.00 | *** | ↑ (78.39%) |
| 5 | Never married | 0.006 (0.006, 0.006) | 0.004 (0.003, 0.005) | 0.00 | *** | ↓ (-38.22%) |
| 6 | Married or legally separated | 0.043 (0.041, 0.045) | 0.066 (0.057, 0.075) | 0.00 | *** | ↑ (48.51%) |
| 7 | Divorced | 0.016 (0.015, 0.017) | 0.023 (0.02, 0.026) | 0.00 | *** | ↑ (52.24%) |
| 8 | Widowed | 0.073 (0.069, 0.077) | 0.143 (0.124, 0.162) | 0.00 | *** | ↑ (96.51%) |
| 9 | White | 0.018 (0.017, 0.019) | 0.026 (0.024, 0.028) | 0.00 | *** | ↑ (43.47%) |
| 10 | Black | 0.012 (0.011, 0.013) | 0.019 (0.015, 0.023) | 0.00 | *** | ↑ (56.44%) |
| 11 | Rural | 0.024 (0.023, 0.025) | 0.038 (0.033, 0.043) | 0.00 | *** | ↑ (55.68%) |
| 12 | Urban | 0.014 (0.014, 0.014) | 0.022 (0.02, 0.024) | 0.00 | *** | ↑ (50.66%) |
| Overdose | ||||||
| 1 | Female | 0.028 (0.025, 0.031) | 0.032 (0.031, 0.033) | 0.11 | ↑ (2.58%) | |
| 2 | Male | 0.064 (0.058, 0.07) | 0.062 (0.061, 0.063) | 0.99 | ↓ (-12.43%) | |
| 3 | Age group 0–17 | 0.002 (0.002, 0.002) | 0.002 (0.001, 0.003) | 0.99 | ↑ (0.91%) | |
| 4 | Age group 18–65 | 0.073 (0.072, 0.074) | 0.07 (0.064, 0.076) | 0.99 | ↓ (-3.48%) | |
| 5 | Age group Over 65 | 0.012 (0.011, 0.013) | 0.013 (0.01, 0.016) | 0.99 | ↑ (11.03%) | |
| 6 | Never married | 0.01 (0.009, 0.011) | 0.005 (0.004, 0.006) | 0.00 | *** | ↓ (-35.97%) |
| 7 | Married or legally separated | 0.194 (0.188, 0.2) | 0.232 (0.209, 0.255) | 0.00 | *** | ↑ (19.41%) |
| 8 | Divorced | 0.041 (0.04, 0.042) | 0.026 (0.022, 0.03) | 0.02 | ** | ↓ (-45.56%) |
| 9 | Widowed | 0.142 (0.136, 0.148) | 0.169 (0.149, 0.189) | 0.09 | ↑ (19.44%) | |
| 10 | White | 0.046 (0.045, 0.047) | 0.041 (0.037, 0.045) | 0.04 | * | ↓ (-11.86%) |
| 11 | Black | 0.061 (0.058, 0.064) | 0.08 (0.069, 0.091) | 0.02 | ** | ↑ (30.47%) |
| 12 | Rural | 0.044 (0.042, 0.046) | 0.043 (0.037, 0.049) | 1.00 | ↓ (-0.62%) | |
| 13 | Urban | 0.046 (0.045, 0.047) | 0.045 (0.041, 0.049) | 1.00 | ↓ (-2.11%) | |