Table 6.

Results of generalized additive models of standardized daily counts (per 100,000) of overdose deaths by age group, race, sex, and urban/rural residence. Parameter estimates are given in differences in log counts.

Sex
A. parametric coefficients	Estimate	Std. error	t-value	p-value	sig.
(Intercept)	-3,474	0,0145	-240,035	<0.0001	***
COVID-19	-297,129	753,5728	-0,3943	0.693
Male	0,6638	0,0174	38,1814	<0.0001	***
COVID-19:Male	0,1769	0,0669	2,6463	0.008	*
B. smooth terms	edf	Ref.df	F-value	p-value	sig.
Date of death::Pre-COVID-19	3,935	4	278,5958	<0.0001	***
Date of death: Covid-19	2,1426	4	67,7791	<0.0001	***
Age group
A. parametric coefficients	Estimate	Std. error	t-value	p-value	sig.
(Intercept)	-2,6489	0,0142	-186,535	<0.0001	***
COVID-19	-510,81	492,283	-1,0376	0.299
Age 0–17	-3,5346	0,0802	-44,0817	<0.0001	***
Age Over 65	-1,8033	0,0358	-50,4246	<0.0001	***
COVID-19:Age 0–17	-0,0964	0,3222	-0,2991	0.764
COVID-19:Age Over 65	0,0803	0,1308	0,6137	0.539
B. smooth terms	edf	Ref.df	F-value	p-value	sig.
Date of death::Pre-COVID-19	3,8528	4	131,5889	<0.0001	***
Date of death: Covid-19	2,02	4	28,3441	<0.0001	***
Black vs. white
A. parametric coefficients	Estimate	Std. error	t-value	p-value	sig.
(Intercept)	-3,1008	0,0819	-37,8434	<0.0001	***
COVID-19	4,476	7,6101	0,5882	0.556
Black (vs. white)	0,2759	0,1062	2,5991	0.009	**
COVID-19:Black (vs. white)	0,3827	0,3872	0,9885	0.322
B. smooth terms	edf	Ref.df	F-value	p-value	sig.
Date of death::Pre-COVID-19	2,8497	4	41,6431	<0.0001	***
Date of death: Covid-19	0,8068	4	4,1652	0.023	**
Urban vs. Rural residence
A. parametric coefficients	Estimate	Std. error	t-value	p-value	sig.
(Intercept)	-3,5283	0,0255	-138,62	<0.0001	***
COVID-19	3,4816	7,784	0,4473	0.654
Urban	0,4513	0,0318	14,1886	<0.0001	***
COVID-19:Urban	-0,1127	0,1166	-0,9667	0.333
B. smooth terms	edf	Ref.df	F-value	p-value	sig.
Date of death::Pre-COVID-19	3,7682	4	65,3174	<0.0001	***
Date of death: COVID-19	0,9829	4	10,5962	<0.0001	***