Table 1.
Characteristics of the included studies
| Study | Malocclusion group N; gender; age |
Malocclusion type(s) | Orthodontic treatment | Orthodontic retention | Control group 3 N; gender; age |
Method(s) | Quality outcome |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ahlgren (1967) | 290; 9 F:21 M; 8–16 yr |
Cl I, II/1, II/2 and III AOB, deep bite & Ant & post XB |
NA | NA | 30; 156 F:134 M; 8–16 yr | Jaw kinematics | Low |
| Ahlgren et al., (1973) | 15; ?; 9–13 yr | Cl II/1 | NA | NA | 15; ?; 9–11 yr |
1- EMG 2- Jaw kinematics |
Low |
| Alarcón et al., (2000) | 30; 17 F:13 M; 12.2 yr | UPXB | NA | NA | 30; 16 F:14 M; 12.5 yr | EMG | Low |
| Alarón et al., (2009) | 30; 15 F:15 M, 10–12 yr | UPXB | NA | NA | 30; 15 F:15 M; 10–12 yr | EMG | Moderate |
| Andrade et al., (2009) | 20; 8 F:12 M; 7–10 yr | UPXB | NA | NA | 16; 6 F:10 M; 7–10 yr | EMG | Moderate |
| Andrade et al., (2010) | 17; ?; 7–10 yr | UPXB | NA | NA | 17; ?; 7–10 yr |
1- EMG 2- Jaw kinematics |
Low |
| Antonarakis & Kiliaridis (2015) | 20; 6 F:14 M; 9–13 yr | Cl II/1 | Activator (1 yr) | NA | 20; 6 F:14 M; 9–13 yr | MOBF | High |
| Atonarakis et al., (2012) | 25; 8 F:17 M: 9.3–13 yr | Cl II/1 | Activator (1–2 yr) | NA | NA | MOBF | Moderate |
| Atonarakis et al., (2013) | 28; 12 F:16 M: 8.5–14.2 yr | Cl II/1 | Activator (1–2 yr) | 1 yr | NA | MOBF | Moderate |
| Barrera et al., (2011) | 450; 206 F:244 M; 6–15 yr | Cl I and Cl II | NA | NA | NA | Chewing efficiency | High |
| Ben-Bassat et al. (1993) | 36; 19 F:17 M; ? | UPXB | Expansion plate | 6 mo |
Pre: 29; 17 F:12 M; ? Post: 10; 5 F:5 M; ? |
Jaw kinematics | Moderate |
| Castelo et al., (2007) | 21; ?; 3.5–7 yr | UPXB | NA | NA | 28; ?; 3.5–7 yr | MOBF | Moderate |
| Castelo et al., (2010) | 35; 20 F:15 M; 3.5–7 yr | UPXB | NA | NA | 32; 11 F:21 M; 3.5–7 yr | MOBF | High |
| Ciavarella et al., (2012) | 15; 9 F:6 M; 9–14 yr | UPXB | NA | NA | 15; 7 F:8 M; 9–14 yr | EMG | Low |
| Ciccone de Faria et al., (2010) | 30; 20 F:10 M; 6–11 yr |
15; Skeletal AOB 15; Dentoalveolar AOB |
NA | NA | 15; 11 F:4 M; 6–11 yr | EMG | Low |
| Corrêa et al.,(2018) | 51; ?; 7–11 yr | AOB | NA | NA | 55; ?; 7–11 yr | Chewing efficiency | Low |
| Cost et al. 2020 | 8; 4 F:4 M; 12–19 yr | AOB | NA | NA | 8; 4 F:4 M; 12–19 yr | Chewing efficiency | Low |
| Di Palma et al., (2017) | 10; 5 F:5 M; 9–13 yr | Cl II/1 | Sander appliance (1 yr) | NA | NA | EMG | Low |
| Ferrario et al., (1999) | 10; 6 F:4 M;16–18 yr | UPXB | NA | NA | 20; 10 F:10 M; 16–18 yr | EMG | Moderate |
| Galbiati et al., (2016) | 71; 35 F:36 M; 6–10 yr | UPXB | Hyrax RME | 6 mo | NA |
1- EMG 2- Jaw kinematics |
Low |
| Gavião et al., (2001) | 20; ?; 3–5.5 yr |
10; UPXB 10; AOB |
NA | NA | 10; ?; 3–5.5 yr | Chewing efficiency | Moderate |
| Go (1981) | 12; 2 F:10 M; 10.9 yr | AXB | ? | 29 mo |
5; 3 F:2 M; 12.5 yr 12; 5 F:7 M; 19.8 yr |
EMG | Low |
| Henrikson et al., (1998) | 123; only F; 11–15 yr | Cl II | NA | NA | 60; only F; 11–15 yr | Chewing efficiency | Moderate |
| Henrikson et al., (2009) |
Tx group: 65; only F; 12.8 ± 1.1 yr No tx group: 58; only F; 12.9 ± 1.0 yr |
Cl II | FA | NA | 60; only F; 12.7 ± 0.7 yr | Chewing efficiency | Low |
| Hinotume et al., (1994) | 40; 26 F:14 M; 6–12 yr | Teeth crowding | NA | NA | 40; 21 F:19 M; 5–12 yr | EMG | Low |
| Hong et al., (2021) | 18; 16 F:2 M; 12–18 yr | Skeletal AOB | Myofunctional appliance (3 mo) | NA | NA | EMG | Moderate |
| Ingervall et al., (1991) |
Group 1: 24; 12 F:12 M; 9.2–12.7 yr Group 2: 15; 8 F:7 M; 8.5–13.1 yr 3Group 3: 16; 10 F:6 M; 9.1–15.4 yr |
Group 1 & 2: Cl II/1 Group 3: C I |
Group 1: activator without HG Group 2: HG without removable plate Group 3: FA |
NA | NA | EMG | Low |
| Keeling et al., (1991) | 9; 2 F:7 M; 115.7 ± 29.5 mo | Functional UPXB | QH (9 patients) | 6 to 28 mo | 8; 5 F:3 M;106.4 ± 42.2 mo | Jaw kinematics | Moderate |
| Kecik et al., (2007) | 35; 20 F:15 M; 10.6 ± 1.4 yr | Functional UPXB | QH | 6 mo | 31; 18 F:13 M; 9.8 ± 1.6 yr | EMG | Low |
| Lenguas et al., (2012) | 30; 15 F:15 M, 6–10 yr | Functional UPXB | NA | NA | NA | EMG | Moderate |
| Lipari et al., (2020) | 20; 13 F:7 M; 9.60 ± 1.46 yr | Incompetent lips | NA | NA | 20; 10 F:10 M; 9.15 ± 1.66 yr | EMG | High |
| Lowe and Takada (1984) | 55; ?; 11.9 ± 1.8 yr |
18; Cl I 25; Cl II/1 12; Cl II/2 |
NA | NA | NA | EMG | Low |
| Martín et al., (2012) | 25; 15 F:10 M; 10–14 yr | Functional UPXB | QH + FA | 1 year | 30; 15 F:15 M; 10–14 yr |
1- EMG 2- Jaw kinematics |
Moderate |
| Michelotti et al., (2019) | 29; 16 F:13 M; 9.6 ± 1.6 yr | Functional UPXB | RME | 6 mo | 40; 23 F:17 M; 10.5 ± 1.1 yr | EMG | Moderate |
| Nagata et al., (2002) | 10; ?; 3–7 yr | AXB | NA | NA | 10; ?; 5–6 yr | Jaw kinematics | Low |
| Nuño-Licona et al., (1993) | 10; ?; 4–10 yr | Cl III | Myofunctional appliance | NA | 10; ?; mean age 7.3 yr | EMG | Low |
| Petrović et al., (2014) | 70; ?; 8–12 yr | Cl II/2 | Activator | NA | 30; ?; 8–12 yr | EMG | Low |
| Piancino et al., (2012) |
Group 1: 26; 16 F:10 M; 10.4 ± 2.7 yr Group 2: 43; 21 F:22 M; 10.2 ± 4.2 yr |
Group 1: UAXB Group 2: UPXB |
NA | NA | 17; 10 F:7 M; 10.6 ± 2.0 yr | Jaw kinematics | Moderate |
| Piancino et al., (2012) | 52; 29 F:23 M; 10.58 ± 1.4 yr | AOB | NA | NA | 21; ?; 11.9 ± 0.6 yr |
1- EMG 2- Jaw kinematics |
High |
| Piancino et al., (2016) | 50; ?; 9.1 ± 2.3 yr | UPXB | “Function generating bite” appliance | 5–6 mo | 20; ?; 9.5 ± 2.6 yr |
1- EMG 2- Jaw kinematics |
Moderate |
| Piancino et al., (2017) | 47; ?; 8.3 6 ± 1.1 yr | UPXB | “Function generating bite” appliance | 5–6 mo | 18; ?; 9.1 ± 0.8 yr | Jaw kinematics | Low |
| Proffit and Fields (1983) | 12; 7 F:5 M; 6–11 yr | Increased lower facial height | NA | NA | 18; 9 F:9 M; 6–11 yr | MOBF | Low |
| Regalo et al., (2018) | 64; ?; 6–10 yr |
Group 1: grade 2 IOTN- DHC Group 2: grade 3 IOTN- DHC |
NA | NA | 26, ?, 6–10 yr (Grade 1 IOTN-DHC) | EMG | Low |
| Rentes et al., (2002) | 30; ?; 3–5.5 yr | Crossbite and AOB | NA | NA | 30; ?; 3–5.5 yr | MOBF | Moderate |
| Roldan et al., (2016) |
Group 1: 111; 60 F:51 M; 7–15 yr Group 2: 380; 60 F:79 M; 7–15 yr |
Group1: Cl I Group 2: Cl II |
NA | NA | 130; 65 F:65 M; 7–15 yr | MOBF | High |
| Sabashi et al., (2009) | 172; 108 F:64 M; 10–18 yr |
41; Cl I 16; Cl II 7; Cl III |
NA | NA | NA | EMG | High |
| Salioni et al., (2005) | 16; 9 F:7 M; 6–12.58 yr | Functional UPXB | NA | NA | 15; 9 F:6 M; 6–12.75 yr | Jaw kinematics | Moderate |
| Satygo et al., (2014) |
Group 1: 36; ?; 7.6 ± 1.3 yr Group 2: 22; ?; ? |
Cl II/1 |
Group 1: Pre-orthodontic trainer Group 2: No tx |
NA | 20; ?; 7.6 ± 1.3 yr | EMG | Moderate |
| Sever et al., (2011) | 20; 14 F:6 M; 4.8–5.3 yr | UPXB | NA | NA | 10; 5 F:5 M; 5.1–5.3 yr | Jaw kinematics | Moderate |
| Shiere et al., (1952) | 400; ?; 6–15 yr | Cl I, II, III & XP | NA | NA | NA |
1- MOBF 2- Chewing efficiency |
Low |
| Sonnesen et al., (2001) | 26; 13 F:13 M; 7–13 yr | UPXB | NA | NA | 26; 13 F:13 M; 7–13 yr | MOBF | High |
| Spolaor et al., (2020) | 43; ?, 9.5 ± 2.1 yr | Underdeveloped maxilla, UPXB & BPXB | RME | 3 mo | 10; ?; 9.8 ± 2.2 yr | EMG | Moderate |
| Takada and Lowe 1985 | 20; ?; 12.1 ± 1.2 yr | Deep bite + Cl I & II | NA | NA | 15; ?; 12.1 ± 1.2 yr | EMG | Low |
| Throckmorton et al., (2001) | 14; ?; 7–11 yr | Functional UPXB | RME | 6 mo | 14; ?; 7–11 yr | Jaw Kinematics | Moderate |
| Toro et al. (2006) |
355 children to 4 groups: 37; 09 F:28 M; 6 yr3 62; 23 F:39 M; 9 yr 49; 14 F:35 M; 12 yr 50; 12 F:36 M; 15 yr |
112; CI I 84; CI II |
NA | NA |
139 children to 4 groups: 40; 10 F:30 M; 6 yr 37; 15 F:22 M; 9 yr 23; 10 F:13 M; 12 yr 39; 18 F:21 M; 15 yr |
Chewing efficiency | High |
| Yashiro et al., (2004) | 11; 6 F:5 M; 10.8 ± 0.11 yr | AXB |
5; lingual arches 2; active plates 4; edgewise appliance |
2–3 mo | 10; 5 F:5 M; 11.2 ± 0.5 yr | Jaw kinematics | Low |
| Yousefzadeh et al., (2010) | 5; 3 F:2 M; 10.1–13.2 yr | AOB | NA | NA | 5; 2 F:3 M; 10.1–13.2 yr |
1- MOBF 2- EMG |
Moderate |
Abbreviations: ?, no information; ant., anterior; AOB, anterior open bite; AXB, anterior cross bite; BPXB, bilateral posterior crossbite; CI, angle’s classification; EMG, electromyography; F, females; FA, fixed appliance; HG, head gear; M, males; mo, month; yr, year; N, sample size; NA, not applicable; QH, quad-helix; tx, treatment; UAXB, unilateral anterior cross bite; UPXB, unilateral posterior crossbite; XP, crossbite