Table 2.

The main results of the four chewing parameters of children with different types of malocclusions compared to children with normal occlusion

Parameter	Dentition	Sub-parameter	Cl I	Cl II	Cl III	PXB	AXB	Crowding	Long face	AOB	Deep bite	After treatment
MOBF	Primary	NA	NA	NA	NA	= [28, 36, 37]	NA	NA	NA	= [36]	NA	NA
	Mixed/permanent	NA	↓[29, 31]	↓[29, 31]	NA	↓[28, 30, 37]	NA	NA	= [59]	= [48]	NA	↓[31]
EMG	Primary	Rest	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA
		Maximal clench	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA
		Chewing	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA
	Mixed/permanent	Rest	NA	↕[61, 64, 81]	NA	= [38, 54, 56, 78]	NA	NA	NA	NA	= [60]	↕[57, 61, 80]
		Maximal clench	NA	↕[61, 64, 81]	= [76]	↕[38, 54, 56, 62]	NA	NA	NA	↓[50, 82]	= [60]	↕[57, 61, 79, 80]
		Chewing	NA	↓[65]	= [76]	= [38, 40, 58, 63, 78]	NA	= [66]	NA	↕[33, 48, 82]	NA	= [40, 55, 58]
Jaw kinematics	Primary	Chewing time	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA
	Mixed/permanent		NA	= [65]	NA	↕[42, 55, 63]	NA	NA	NA	↓[33]	NA	NA
	Primary	Jaw chewing trajectory; pattern	NA	NA	NA	↑; reverse pattern [44]	↑[68]	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA
	Mixed/permanent		NA	NA	NA	↕[38, 41, 42]; reverse pattern [42, 43, 51, 55, 72, 73]	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	= [55, 73]
Chewing efficiency	Primary	Food trituration	NA	NA	NA	↓[46]	NA	NA	NA	↓[46]	NA	NA
	Mixed/permanent		= [34, 70]	↕[22, 34, 45, 70]	↓[34, 70]	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	↓[22]
	Primary	Mixing ability	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA
	Mixed/permanent		NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	↕[74, 75]	NA	NA

Abbreviations: Cl I, Cl II, and Cl III, class I, II, and III malocclusions; PXB, posterior (unilateral and bilateral) crossbite; AXB, anterior crossbite; AOB, anterior open bite; NA, not applicable; Equal ( =), reduced (↓) or increased (↑) parameter activity in children with malocclusion than controls; ↕, conflicting results