Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of UK Biobank participants (N=393690)
| Baseline characteristics | All participants | Lifestyle | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Favorable | Intermediate | Unfavorable | ||
| No. of participants | 393690 | 210443 (53.5) | 127452 (32.4) | 55795 (14.2) |
| Age, mean (SD), years | 56.3 (8.1) | 56.7 (8.1) | 56.0 (8.1) | 55.3 (8.1) |
| Sex, male (%) | 173103 (44.0) | 89812 (42.7) | 57593 (45.2) | 25698 (46.1) |
| Race, White European (%) | 373053 (94.8) | 199914 (95) | 120614 (94.6) | 52525 (94.1) |
| Townsend deprivation index, mean (SD) | −1.4 (3.0) | −1.7 (2.8) | −1.3 (3.1) | −0.6 (3.4) |
| Body mass index, mean (SD), kg/m2 | 27.3 (4.7) | 26.8 (4.4) | 27.8 (4.9) | 28.2 (5.4) |
| Total cholesterol level, mean (SD), mmol/L | 5.7 (1.1) | 5.7 (1.1) | 5.7 (1.1) | 5.7 (1.1) |
| Family history of CVDs | 220492 (56.0) | 118968 (56.5) | 70901 (55.6) | 30623 (54.9) |
| Disease history | ||||
| Cancer | 34397 (8.7) | 18580 (8.8) | 10956 (8.6) | 4861 (8.7) |
| Diabetes | 19139 (4.9) | 8709 (4.1) | 6787 (5.3) | 3643 (6.5) |
| Hypertension | 213679 (54.3) | 110375 (52.4) | 71548 (56.1) | 31756 (56.9) |
| Angina | 10158 (2.6) | 4929 (2.3) | 3358 (2.6) | 1871 (3.4) |
| Symptom of depression/anxiety | 134860 (34.3) | 68331 (32.5) | 44117 (34.6) | 22412 (40.2) |
| Treatment/medication | ||||
| Insulin treatment | 3781 (1.0) | 1630 (0.8) | 1344 (1.1) | 807 (1.4) |
| Antihypertensive drugs | 77882 (19.8) | 38576 (18.3) | 26780 (21) | 12526 (22.5) |
| Lipid treatment | 60029 (15.3) | 29755 (14.1) | 20360 (16) | 9914 (17.8) |
| Aspirin use | 46277 (11.8) | 23202 (11) | 15653 (12.3) | 7422 (13.3) |
| Hypnotics/antidepressants/anti-anxiety drugs | 25768 (6.6) | 11210 (5.3) | 8849 (6.9) | 5709 (10.2) |
| Healthy sleep behaviors a | ||||
| Sleep 7–8 h/day | 269885 (68.6) | 149056 (70.8) | 85900 (67.4) | 34929 (62.6) |
| Early chronotype | 246924 (62.7) | 138992 (66) | 78042 (61.2) | 29890 (53.6) |
| Never/rarely/sometimes insomnia | 285448 (72.5) | 156586 (74.4) | 90941 (71.4) | 37921 (68) |
| No self-reported snoring | 248246 (63.1) | 138620 (65.9) | 77656 (60.9) | 31970 (57.3) |
| No frequent daytime sleepiness | 383406 (97.4) | 205745 (97.8) | 123863 (97.2) | 53798 (96.4) |
| All five healthy sleep behaviors | 85165 (21.6) | 52028 (24.7) | 24965 (19.6) | 8172 (14.6) |
CVDs, cardiovascular diseases; SD, standard deviation. Data are expressed as N (%) unless stated otherwise.
a
Healthy sleep behaviors were defined as follows: sleep 7–8 hours per day; early chronotype (“morning” or “morning than evening”); reported never/rarely or sometimes insomnia symptoms; no self-reported snoring; and no frequent daytime sleepiness (“never/rarely” or “sometimes”).