Table 2.

Association of Demographic Factors and Medical History with GA Perimeter-adjusted Growth Rate Based on Univariate Linear Mixed-effects Model

	Category	Number of Eyes	Mean GA Perimeter-adjusted Growth Rate (SD), mm/year	Coefficient Estimate (95% CI), mm/yr	Overall p
Age at enrollment, years	-	318	-	0.001 (−0.000, 0.003)	0.14
Age at first gradable GA, years	-	318	-	0.001 (−0.001, 0.002)	0.28
Follow-up duration of gradable GA, years	-	318	-	−0.002 (−0.004, 0.001)	0.14
BMI	-	318	-	0.000 (−0.001, 0.002)	0.82
Annual daily sunlight exposure, hrs.	-	317	-	0.002 (−0.006, 0.009)	0.68
Sex	Female	170	0.100 (0.052)	−0.009 (−0.025, 0.006)	0.24
	Male	148	0.095 (0.071)	Reference	-
Highest education	Some college	149	0.095 (0.063)	−0.005 (−0.022, 0.013)	0.87
	Postgraduate	52	0.099 (0.055)	−0.003 (−0.026, 0.020)
	HS or less	117	0.100 (0.063)	Reference	-
Marital status	Not married*	74	0.105 (0.055)	0.012 (−0.007, 0.031)	0.22
	Married	244	0.095 (0.063)	Reference	-
Cancer history	Yes	74	0.105 (0.067)	0.008 (−0.010, 0.026)	0.39
	No	244	0.095 (0.060)	Reference	-
Hypertension history	Yes	120	0.109 (0.064)	0.018 (0.002, 0.034)	0.03
	No	198	0.091 (0.059)	Reference	-
Angina history	Yes	29	0.091 (0.050)	−0.009 (−0.036, 0.018)	0.51
	No	289	0.098 (0.063)	Reference	-
Diabetes history	Yes	16	0.083	−0.018 (−0.053, 0.017)	0.32
	No	302	0.098 (0.062)	Reference	-
Arthritis history	Yes	146	0.102 (0.054)	0.009 (−0.007, 0.024)	0.26
	No	172	0.094 (0.067)	Reference	-
Smoking history	Yes	192	0.095 (0.065)	−0.006 (−0.022, 0.010)	0.48
	No	126	0.101 (0.055)	Reference	-

BMI = body mass index; CI = confidence interval; GA = geographic atrophy; HS = high school; SD = standard deviation.

^*Not married category includes never married (11), widowed (50), and divorced/separated (13).