Table 4.

Trends in multidimensional poverty and income poverty

	Av	2008	2009	2010	2011	2012	2013	2014	2015	2016	2017	2018	2019
MPI	12.9	14.6	14.9	15.5	15.3	14.6	14.2	12.7	11.5	10.9	10.5	10.3	10.0
OPM	12.3	11.7	12.9	13.7	13.7	13.7	13.6	13.5	12.4	11.6	11.2	10.7	9.4
SPM	14.0	14.4	14.4	15.2	15.5	15.5	15.4	15.0	13.8	13.3	12.4	12.2	11.2
MPI and OPM	5.3	5.4	5.9	6.4	6.6	6.4	6.2	5.7	4.9	4.5	4.2	4.0	3.7

All values are given as percent of the non-elderly adult population (18 to 64 years) deprived in at least two indicators. The MPI values in Table 4 are referred to as benchmark MPI in the paper