Figure 4.

Neuroinflammation-induced astrogliosis is mitigated by agonist treatment of GLP-1R in microglia. (A) Diagrammatize method of co-culture between primary microglia and astrocytes. (B) ELISAs performed for the TNF-α and IL-1α in culture medium obtained at 24h after LPS stimuli with Ex-4 treatment or not (n=6). (C) Representative immunofluorescence labeling images for Nestin (green) and GFAP (red) obtained from primary astrocyte co-cultured with microglia in MG^NC, LPS-MG^NC, LPS-MG^NC+Ex-4, and LPS-MG^ARAP3i+Ex-4 group for 48h, respectively. The blue staining indicates the DAPI-stained nuclei. Scale bar = 50 μm. (D) Representative images of astrocytes stained with crystal violet in trans-well assay, which were treated with microglial medium in MG^NC, LPS-MG^NC, LPS-MG^NC+Ex-4, and LPS-MG^ARAP3i+Ex-4 group for 48h. (E) Quantitative analysis of the amount of astrocytes under inserts; Scale bar = 100 μm, n=6. The error bars represent the SD. *p < 0.05 vs. MG^NC group, #p < 0.05 vs. LPS-MG^NC group, and &p< 0.05 vs. LPS-MG^NC+Ex-4 by one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey's post hoc analysis (*p<0.05, **p<0.01, and ***p<0.001).