Table 2.

Inclusion and exclusion criteria

PICOTS	Include	Exclude
Population	• Patients with chronic medical conditions • Patient and family members of committees/councils aimed at improving care • Subpopulations, including  • Ethnic and racial minority  • Limited language skills  • Low literacy/low health literacy  • Cognitive impairment	None
Interventions	• Direct patient level interventions • Practice, health system, and reimbursement interventions • Models under alternative payment mechanisms • Community-level interventions	• One-time education-only (e.g., providing a handout) • Without 2-way interaction or ability for patient to ask questions (e.g., providing access to web-based educational program)
Comparators	Any comparator (pre/post, concurrent)	No comparison group
Outcomes	• Intermediate outcomes (e.g., behavior change, cost, provider satisfaction, health system level changes)  • Patient outcomes (e.g., mortality, quality of life, utilization)	None
Timing	All timing  • Right after implementation strategy (within 3 months)  • Longer follow-up
Setting	All settings where self-management occurs (e.g., home/community/clinic/assisted living)	Non-USA-based studies