Table 2.
Prevalence of breastfeeding and feeding indicators, indigenous children. Ecuador, 2012. [% (95% CI) = percentage (95% confidence interval expanded sample)]
| Timely initiation of breastfeedinga (0, 12 months) | Timely initiation of breastfeedinga (13, 23 months) | Exclusive breastfeedingb in children under 6 months | Continued breastfeeding | Continued breastfeeding | Continued breastfeeding | Received food the day before | Received food the day before | Received food the day before | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| (6, 12 months) | (13, 18 months) | (19, 23 months) | (6, 12 months) | (13, 18 months) | (19, 23 months) | ||||
| % (95% CI) † | % (95% CI) †† | % (95% CI) ††† | % (95% CI) †††† | % (95% CI) ††††† | % (95% CI) †††††† | % (95% CI) †††† | % (95% CI) ††††† | % (95% CI) †††††† | |
| Meets indicator | 69.5 (61.2, 76.7) | 75.5 (64.6, 83.9) | 78.2 (68, 85.8) | 99.3 (97.7, 99.8) | 98.5 (96.1, 99.4) | 94.3 (85.3, 98) | 72.5 (61.7, 81.2) | 98.8 (95.4, 99.7) | 99.1 (93.4, 99.9) |
| Children characteristics | |||||||||
| Child´s gender | |||||||||
| Male | 73.9 (61.6, 83.3) | 77.4 (64.9, 86.3) | 83.5 (70.4, 91.4) | 99.5 (96.3, 99.9) | 97.5 (92.9, 99.2) | 90.8 (73.6, 97.2) | 72.8 (60.1, 82.6) | 97.7 (91.4, 99.4) | 100 (…) |
| Female | 66.8 (55.3, 76.6) | 73.8 (56.5, 85.9) | 74.8 (60.3, 85.2) | 99.2 (96.5, 99.8) | 99.6 (96.8, 99.9) | 96.7 (79.2, 99.6) | 72.3 (56, 84.3) | 100 (…) | 98.5 (89.1, 99.8) |
| Diarrhea, cough, or runny nose on the last 2 weeks | |||||||||
| No | 67 (55.9, 76.4) | 74.6 (57.8, 86.3) | 86.1 (74.7, 92.9) | 100 (…) | 98.9 (94.9, 99.8) | 91.3 (73, 97.6) | 71.2 (52.6, 84.6) | 100 (…) | 100 (…) |
| Yes | 72 (57.4, 83.1) | 75.8 (64.2, 84.6) | 66.9 (46.1, 82.7) | 98.5 (95.2, 99.6) | 97.8 (93.1, 99.3) | 97.3 (91.1, 99.2) | 75.5 (63.6, 84.5) | 96.9 (88.2, 99.2) | 98 (86.3, 99.7) |
| Mother’s characteristics | |||||||||
| Mother´s age (years) | |||||||||
| 14–17 | 89.5 (70.7, 96.8)c | 60.6 (19, 90.9) | 86.6 (62.2, 96.2) | 100 (…) | 88.7 (44.5, 98.7) | 100 (…) | 61.1 (25.6, 87.8) | 100 (…) | 100 (…) |
| 18–25 | 55.4 (42.1, 67.9)** | 74 (54.9, 87) | 80.2 (63.2, 90.6) | 99.3 (95, 99.9) | 99.2 (96.5, 99.8) | 93.9 (66.5, 99.2) | 79.8 (67.9, 88.1) | 97.6 (90.8, 99.4) | 100 (…) |
| 26–35 | 81.9 (71.8, 88.9) | 80.6 (65.3, 90.2) | 79.5 (61, 90.6) | 99.1 (96.1, 99.8) | 98.7 (90.5, 99.8) | 93.8 (78.8, 98.4) | 65.8 (45.6, 81.5) | 100 (…) | 98.3 (87.8, 99.8) |
| Over 35 | 75.7 (60, 86.6) | 67.6 (46.9, 83.1) | 61.9 (36.2, 82.3) | 100 (…) | 97.2 (81, 99.6) | 96.8 (78.7, 99.6) | 71 (45.9, 87.6) | 100 (…) | 100 (…) |
| Mother´s educational level | |||||||||
| No studies | 75.6 (50.5, 90.4)c | 90.1 (49.6, 98.8) | 91.8 (66.5, 98.4) | 100 (…) | 100 (…) | 40.8 (4.8, 90.3)d | 69.6 (31.9, 91.8) | 100 (…) | 100 (…) |
| Primary | 81.4 (74.1, 87) | 71.3 (55.3, 83.3) | 76.3 (61.5, 86.6) | 99 (95.6, 99.8) | 99.1 (95.9, 99.8) | 95.4 (82.9, 98.9) | 70.6 (52.9, 83.7) | 98.5 (92.4, 99.7) | 98.5 (89.4, 99.8) |
| High School | 57.8 (44.1, 70.4) | 81 (70.5, 88.4) | 76.9 (59.1, 88.4) | 99.4 (96, 99.9) | 96 (86.6, 98.9) | 98.5 (89.7, 99.8) | 73.8 (59.6, 84.3) | 99 (92.9, 99.9) | 100 (…) |
| University | 20.9 (5.7, 53.7)** | 69.4 (32.3, 91.5) | 95.1 (67.3, 99.5) | 100 (…) | 100 (…) | 100 (…) | 93.3 (56.8, 99.3) | 100 (…) | 100 (…) |
| Mother´s marital status | |||||||||
| Civil union/married | 67.1 (57.7, 75.3) | 74.8 (62.8, 83.9)c | 82.4 (72.3, 89.3) | 99.1 (97.1, 99.7) | 98.2 (95.2, 99.3)c | 94.1 (84.7, 97.9)c | 72.4 (59.7, 82.3) | 98.6 (94.4, 99.6) | 99 (93.1, 99.9) |
| Single | 78.4 (50.3, 92.8) | 54.1 (27.7, 78.5) | 77.5 (44.9, 93.6) | 100 (…) | 100 (…)* | 100 (…)* | 81 (59.1, 92.7) | 100 (…) | 100 (…) |
| Divorced/widowed | 78.1 (54.7, 91.4) | 100 (…)** | 50.9 (21.6, 79.6) | 100 (…) | 100 (…)* | - | 68.9 (29.9, 92) | 100 (…) | - |
| Number of children | |||||||||
| 1, 3 | 64.2 (53, 74.1)c | 74.6 (60.1, 85.2) | 81.3 (68.5, 89.7) | 99.5 (97.9, 99.9) | 98.6 (95.9, 99.5) | 96.2 (81.9, 99.3) | 73.8 (59.8, 84.2) | 98.4 (93.6, 99.6) | 98.5 (89.7, 99.8) |
| 4, 7 | 79.6 (70, 86.7)* | 78.3 (64.5, 87.7) | 74.5 (52.9, 88.4) | 98.4 (88.9, 99.8) | 97.3 (82.5, 99.6) | 91.3 (64, 98.4) | 73.8 (56.1, 86.2) | 100 (…) | 100 (…) |
| Over 7 | 82.8 (58.3, 94.3) | 71.1 (45.1, 88.1) | 74.2 (39.8, 92.6) | 100 (…) | 100 (…) | 86.8 (54.1, 97.3) | 63.3 (27.8, 88.5) | 100 (…) | 100 (…) |
| Household characteristics | |||||||||
| Area of residence | |||||||||
| Urban | 52.3 (32.3, 71.6)c | 74.8 (47, 90.9) | 76.4 (51.5, 90.8) | 100 (…) | 98.7 (89.9, 99.8) | 98.1 (84.5, 99.8) | 74.8 (36.4, 93.9) | 97.9 (85.2, 99.7) | 100 (…) |
| Rural | 75.9 (69.6, 81.3)* | 76.1 (65, 84.5) | 78.9 (67.9, 86.8) | 99.1 (97, 99.7) | 98.4 (95.5, 99.4) | 93.2 (81.7, 97.7) | 71.8 (62.6, 79.5) | 99.3 (97.3, 99.8) | 98.8 (91.5, 99.8) |
| Economic quintile | |||||||||
| 5 (richest) | 89.5 (44.2, 98.9) | 72.3 (17.9, 96.9) | 100 (…)** | 100 (…) | 100 (…) | 100 (…) | 100 (…)** | 100 (…) | 100 (…) |
| 4 | 32.2 (7.3, 74.1)* | 76 (21.5, 97.3) | 100 (…)** | 96.5 (68.3, 99.7) | 70 (12.9, 97.4) | 100 (…) | 100 (…)** | 100 (…) | 100 (…) |
| 3 | 85.3 (61.6, 95.5) | 73.7 (36.9, 93.1) | 72.4 (25.7, 95.2) | 98.6 (89.5, 99.8) | 100 (…) | 95.4 (68.2, 99.5) | 53.9 (18.7, 85.6) | 100 (…) | 100 (…) |
| 2 | 63.4 (42.8, 80) | 60.1 (26.2, 86.5) | 77.2 (51.6, 91.5) | 100 (…) | 98.8 (91.2, 99.9) | 100 (…) | 70.4 (50.3, 84.8) | 100 (…) | 100 (…) |
| 1 (poorest) | 73.7 (66.2, 80)c | 79.2 (69.8, 86.3) | 76 (64.1, 85)c | 99.4 (96, 99.9) | 98.7 (95.7, 99.6) | 93.6 (82.4, 97.8) | 74.5 (63.7, 82.9)c | 98.1 (92.7, 99.5) | 98.9 (91.9, 99.9) |
| Home in extreme poverty | |||||||||
| No | 63.5 (51.6, 74)* | 71.5 (55.1, 83.7) | 80.1 (65.8, 89.4) | 99.2 (96.7, 99.8) | 97.7 (93.4, 99.2) | 97.5 (92.3, 99.3) | 75.2 (59.5, 86.3) | 99.6 (97.1, 99.9) | 100 (…) |
| Yes | 78.6 (70.3, 85)c | 80.3 (67.5, 88.9) | 75.8 (61, 86.3) | 99.4 (96, 99.9) | 99.5 (96.5, 99.9) | 90.8 (71.8, 97.4) | 67.5 (53.2, 79.1) | 97.8 (89.6, 99.6) | 98.1 (86.3, 99.8) |
| Human Development Voucher | |||||||||
| No | 65.1 (52.4, 76) | 79.7 (60.8, 90.8) | 76.6 (61.8, 86.9) | 99.7 (97.7, 100) | 98.4 (94.3, 99.6) | 98.7 (91.2, 99.8) | 71.8 (55, 84.1) | 99.2 (96.8, 99.8) | 97.4 (82.7, 99.6) |
| Yes | 76.3 (67.9, 83.1) | 72 (59.4, 81.8) | 80.6 (67.8, 89.1) | 98.7 (94.5, 99.7) | 98.6 (94.3, 99.7) | 91.9 (78.1, 97.3) | 73.7 (59.2, 84.4) | 98.3 (88.9, 99.8) | 100 (…) |
†Sample n = 369, expanded = 27,983 (95% CI 23,581, 32,385); ††Sample n = 256, expanded = 120,087 (95% CI 15,415, 24,759); ††† Sample n = 166, expanded = 13,403 (95% (CI 10,176, 16,630); ††††Sample n = 203, expanded = 14,580 (95% CI 11,656, 17,505); †††††Sample n = 153, expanded = 12,453 (95% CI 8672, 16,234); †††††† Sample n = 103, expanded = 7634 (95% CI 5358, 9909)
aTimely initiation of breastfeeding = breastfeeding within one hour after birth
bExclusive breastfeeding (EBF) = infants under 6 months who received only breast milk for the previous 24 h
cReference category
dFew observations may cause under or over estimation
Statistically significant difference, p value < 0.05. ** Statistically significant difference, p value < 0.01