Table 1.
Characteristics of the Study Sample at Time 1
| Variables | M (SD) or N (%) |
|---|---|
| Age (years) | 41.7 (13.1) |
| Gender | |
| Female | 968 (65.2%) |
| Male | 498 (34.3%) |
| Other (Non-binary/genderqueer) | 7 (0.5%) |
| Race | |
| White | 1189 (81.9%) |
| Black/African American | 99 (6.8%) |
| Asian/Asian American | 50 (3.4%) |
| American Indian/Alaska Native | 13 (0.9%) |
| Native Hawaiian/Pacific Islander | 0 (0%) |
| Mixed Race | 67 (4.6%) |
| Other Race | 28 (1.9%) |
| Prefer not to answer | 5 (0.3%) |
| Don't know | 1 (0.1%) |
| Ethnicity | |
| Hispanic | 144 (9.9%) |
| Non-Hispanic | 1297 (89.4%) |
| Prefer not to answer | 7 (0.5%) |
| Don't know | 3 (0.2%) |
| Education | |
| Less than high school diploma | 9 (0.6%) |
| GED or high school diploma | 168 (11.6%) |
| Some college, no degree | 402 (27.7%) |
| Associate's degree (2-year degree) | 224 (15.4%) |
| Bachelor's degree/college degree | 399 (27.5%) |
| Beyond college education | 250 (17.2%) |
| Prefer not to answer | 1 (0.1%) |
| Employment Status | |
| Working full-time | 694 (47.8%) |
| Working part-time | 209 (14.4%) |
| Unemployed or laid off | 176 (12.1%) |
| Looking for work | 49 (3.4%) |
| Keeping house or raising children full-time | 110 (7.6%) |
| Retired | 103 (7.1%) |
| Other | 112 (7.7%) |
| Income | |
| Less than $5,000 | 45 (3.1%) |
| $5,000-$11,999 | 67 (4.6%) |
| $12,000-$15,999 | 54 (3.7%) |
| $16,000-$24,999 | 148 (10.2%) |
| $25,000-$34,999 | 211 (14.5%) |
| $35,000-$$49,999 | 224 (15.4%) |
| $50,000-$74,999 | 310 (21.3%) |
| $75,000-$99,999 | 177 (12.2%) |
| $100,000 and greater | 201 (13.8%) |
| Prefer not to answer | 8 (0.5%) |
| Don't know | 7 (0.5%) |
| Marital Status | |
| Married | 663 (45.7%) |
| Divorced | 198 (13.6%) |
| Separated | 29 (2.0%) |
| Widowed | 32 (2.2%) |
| Single | 517 (35.6%) |
| Prefer not to answer | 13 (0.9%) |
| Changes in employment status due to COVID-19 | |
| Yes | 620 (42.7%) |
| Chronic Pain Duration (years) | 10.9 (9.1) |
| Pain Severity (0-10 NRS) | 4.2 (1.6) |
| Pain Interference (0-10 NRS) | 4.9 (2.4) |
| Depressive Symptoms (T-score) | 58.0 (10.1) |
| Anxiety Symptoms (T-score) | 59.3 (9.7) |
| Prescribed Opioids | |
| Yes | 467 (32.1%) |
| Prescription Opioid Misuse Behaviors (T-score) | 44.2 (8.4) |