Table 2.
Summary of outcomes.
| References | Outcome measurement | Experiment group | Control group | Differences of changes | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Baseline
(mean ±SD) |
After-PR
(mean ±SD) |
Changes
(mean ±SD) |
Baseline
(mean ±SD) |
After-PR
(mean ±SD) |
Changes
(mean ±SD) |
RR/MD(95%CI) | P-value | P-value# | |||
| Liu et al. (16) | Exercise capacity | 6-MWT, m | 162.7 ± 72.0 | 212.3 ± 82.5 | 49.6 ± 85.08* | 155.7 ± 82.1 | 157.2 ± 71.7 | 1.50 ± 84.69* | 48.1 (8.89,87.31)* | <0.05 | <0.05 |
| Pulmonary function | FEV1, L | 1.10 ± 0.08 | 1.44 ± 0.25 | - | 1.13 ± 0.14 | 1.26 ± 0.32 | - | - | <0.05 | - | |
| FVC, L | 1.79 ± 0.53 | 2.36 ± 0.49 | - | 1.77 ± 0.64 | 2.08 ± 0.37 | - | - | <0.05 | - | ||
| FEV1/FVC, %** | 60.48 ± 6.39 | 68.19 ± 6.05 | - | 60.44 ± 5.77 | 61.23 ± 6.43 | - | - | <0.05 | - | ||
| DLCO, % pred | 60.3 ± 11.3 | 78.1 ± 12.3 | - | 60.7 ± 12.0 | 63.0 ± 13.4 | - | - | <0.05 | - | ||
| QoL (SF-36) | Physical health | 52.4 ± 6.2 | 71.6 ± 7.6 | - | 53.2 ± 7.7 | 54.1 ± 7.5 | - | - | <0.05 | - | |
| Body role function | 61.2 ± 6.6 | 75.9 ± 7.9 | - | 61.3 ± 7.2 | 62.0 ± 7.3 | - | - | <0.05 | - | ||
| Physical pain | 63.5 ± 7.4 | 78.3 ± 7.8 | - | 63.5 ± 8.1 | 62.9 ± 7.9 | - | - | <0.05 | - | ||
| General health | 61.8 ± 7.7 | 74.2 ± 7.9 | - | 61.8 ± 8.4 | 61.4 ± 6.9 | - | - | <0.05 | - | ||
| Energy | 60.6 ± 6.9 | 75.6 ± 7.1 | - | 60.5 ± 7.1 | 61.2 ± 6.3 | - | - | <0.05 | - | ||
| Social function | 59.4 ± 7.2 | 69.8 ± 6.4 | - | 59.5 ± 7.0 | 58.9 ± 6.6 | - | - | <0.05 | - | ||
| Emotional role function | 61.4 ± 6.9 | 75.7 ± 7.0 | - | 61.4 ± 7.3 | 60.8 ± 7.3 | - | - | <0.05 | - | ||
| Mental health | 61.5 ± 6.5 | 73.7 ± 7.6 | - | 61.6 ± 7.2 | 62.1 ± 7.6 | - | - | <0.05 | - | ||
| ADL | FIM | 109.2 ± 13.0 | 109.4 ± 11.1 | - | 109.3 ± 10.7 | 108.9 ± 10.1 | - | 0.50 ± 2.50 | >0.05 | ||
| Anxiety & depression | SAS score | 56.3 ± 8.1 | 47.4 ± 6.3 | - | 55.8 ± 7.4 | 54.9 ± 7.3 | - | - | <0.05 | - | |
| SDS score | 56.4 ± 7.9 | 54.5 ± 5.9 | - | 55.9 ± 7.3 | 55.8 ± 7.1 | - | - | >0.05 | - | ||
| Abodonya et al. (15) | Exercise capacity | 6-MWT, m | 332.6 ± 34.5 | 376.5 ± 39.4 | 43.9 ± 40.68* | 329.7 ± 37.8 | 334.8 ± 38.2 | 5.1 ± 41.41* | 38.8 (13.97,63.63)* | =0.028 | <0.05 |
| Dyspnea | DSI | 18.5 ± 4.3 | 14.2 ± 3.5 | - | 17.8 ± 5.1 | 17.1 ± 4.8 | - | - | =0.032 | - | |
| Pulmonary function | FEV1, % pred | 76.2 ± 12.7 | 83.7 ± 10.5 | - | 75.4 ± 12.2 | 75.1 ± 12.4 | - | - | =0.043 | 0.06 | |
| FVC, % pred | 78.7 ± 13.5 | 84.2 ± 10.3 | - | 77.2 ± 12.6 | 76.8 ± 11.7 | - | - | =0.041 | - | ||
| QoL | Eq-5D-3L | 38.6 ± 5.8 | 59.4 ± 8.3 | - | 40.7 ± 6.2 | 43.3 ± 6.5 | - | - | =0.021 | - | |
| Li et al. (17) | Exercise capacity | 6-MWT, m | 514.52 ± 82.87 | - | 80.20 ± 74.66 | 499.98 ± 93.41 | - | 17.09 ± 63.94 | 65.45 (43.80, 87.10) | <0.001 | - |
| LMS | Squat time, s | 34.68 ± 21.85 | - | 29.35 ± 27.22 | 38.60 ± 25.07 | - | 7.98 ± 19.53 | 20.12 (12.34, 27.90) | <0.001 | - | |
| Perceived dyspnea | mMRC, %† | - | - | 90.4 | - | - | 61.7 | 1.46 (1.17, 1.82) | =0.001 | - | |
| Pulmonary function | FEV1, L | 2.24 ± 0.74 | - | 0.28 ± 0.51 | 2.14 ± 0.69 | - | 0.18 ± 0.53 | 0.08 (−0.08, 0.25) | =0.327 | - | |
| FEV1, % pred | 79.10 ± 18.25 | - | - | 77.95 ± 15.45 | - | - | - | - | - | ||
| FEV1 below LLN, n (%) | 26 (44.8) | - | - | 24 (42.1) | - | - | - | - | - | ||
| FVC, L | 2.85 ± 0.75 | - | 0.21 ± 0.47 | 2.69 ± 0.87 | - | 0.19 ± 0.40 | 0.02 (−0.14, 0.18) | =0.818 | - | ||
| FVC, % pred | 83.62 ± 14.99 | - | - | 80.43 ± 15.39 | - | - | - | - | - | ||
| FVC below LLN, n (%) |
23 (39.7) | - | - | 22 (38.6) | - | - | - | - | - | ||
| FEV1/FVC | 0.79 ± 0.14 | - | 0.04 ± 0.17 | 0.81 ± 0.12 | - | 0.01 ± 0.16 | 0.03 (−0.02, 0.07) | =0.224 | - | ||
| FEV1/FVC, % pred |
95.03 ± 16.78 | - | - | 97.9 ± 15.0 | - | - | - | - | - | ||
| FEV1/FVC below LLN, n (%) | 14 (24.1) | - | - | 12 (21.1) | - | - | - | - | - | ||
| MVV, L/min | 74.3 ± 30.6 | - | 14.5 ± 21.6 | 63.05 ± 26.12 | - | 5.61 ± 17.3 | 10.57 (3.26, 17.88) | =0.005 | - | ||
| MVV, % pred | 66.37 ± 22.88 | - | - | 58.94 ± 20.86 | - | - | - | - | - | ||
| PEF, L/s | 4.21 ± 2.33 | - | 0.98 ± 1.90 | 3.66 ± 1.75 | - | 0.66 ± 1.95 | 0.38 (−0.24, 1.00) | =0.229 | - | ||
| PEF, % pred | 51.42 ± 24.70 | - | - | 46.41 ± 18.20 | - | - | - | - | - | ||
| QoL (SF-12) | PCS | 39.15 ± 7.16 | - | 7.81 ± 7.02 | 39.69 ± 7.06 | - | 3.84 ± 7.60 | 3.79 (1.24, 6.35) | =0.004 | - | |
| MCS | 44.67 ± 8.76 | - | 6.15 ± 10.78 | 44.13 ± 8.25 | - | 4.17 ± 8.79 | 2.18 (−0.54, 4.90) | =0.116 | - | ||
Changes within group(post-treatment value minus baseline value) and between groups (mean difference of change between groups, treatment effect) were calculated based on data provided in the included studies using R software;
P value was from our analysis;
FEV1/FVC ratio was presented in percentage in Liu's study;
the mMRC dyspnea score in the original paper was transformed to dichotomous variable, favorable outcome (mMRC score = 0, coded 1 in analysis), and non-favorable outcome (all other mMRC scores, coded 0 in analysis). PR, pulmonary rehabilitation; FEV1, forced expiratory volume in one second; % pred, % predicted; FVC, forced vital capacity; DLCO, diffusing lung capacity for carbon monoxide; 6-MWT, 6-minute walk test; QoL, quality of life; SF-36, Short Form Health Survey-36; ADL, Activities of daily living; FIM, Functional Independence Measure; SDS, self-rating depression scale; SAS, self-rating anxiety scale; Eq-5D-3L, EuroQuality-5Dimensions-3Levels questionnaire; DSI, dyspnea severity index; LLN, lower limit of normal; MVV, maximum voluntary ventilation; PEF, peak expiratory flow; LMS, lower limb muscle strength; SF-12, Short Form Health Survey-12; PCS, physical component score; MCS, mental component score; mMRC dyspnea score, modified British Medical Research Council dyspnea score.