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Several strategies to enhance CAR T cell functions are under investigation, including expression of cytokine and chemokine, induction of PD-1 antibody release, or PD-1 and Lag3 genes knockdown by CRISPR/Cas9 technology. Additionally, combination therapy with radiation or chemotherapy can cause tumor necrosis or apoptosis to increase TAs. Immunotherapy, such as ICIs and oncolytic viruses, could overcome the immunosuppressive TME to increase CAR T cell efficacy synergistically.
