TABLE 1.

SPECT and PET dopamine studies of rTMS effects in healthy controls and clinical populations.

		rTMS
Author	Subjects	Frequency, intensity	Sessions (pulses/session)	Target region	Tracer	Results
Strafella et al., 2001	N = 8, HC	10 Hz, 100% RMT	1 (450)	L DLPFC	[11C]raclopride	↑ DA in ips caudate
Strafella et al., 2003	N = 6, HC	10 Hz, 90% RMT	1 (450)	L M1	[11C]raclopride	↑ DA in ips putamen
Strafella et al., 2005	N = 7, PD	10 Hz, 90% RMT	1 (450)	More affected M1 Less affected M1	[11C]raclopride	↑ DA in ips putamen. Greater release in less affected M1.
Kuroda et al., 2006	N = 9, MD	10 Hz, 100% RMT	10 (1000)	L DLPFC	[11C]raclopride	NS
Pogarell et al., 2006, 2007	N = 5, MD	10 Hz, 100% RMT	1 (3000) 15 (1500)	L DLPFC	[123I] IBZM	↑ DA L and R striatum
Ko et al., 2008	N = 10, HC during a task	50 Hz (cTBS), 80% AMT	1 (900)	L DLPFC, vertex (control)	[11C]raclopride	↓ DA L and R caudate and left putamen
Kim et al., 2008	N = 9, PD	5 Hz, 90% RMT	2 (150)	More affected M1	[11C]raclopride	↑ DA contralateral caudate
Cho and Strafella, 2009	N = 7, HC	10 Hz, 100% RMT	1 (750)	L DLPFC, R DLFPC	[11C]FLB 457	↑ DA L ACC and mOFC post left DLPFC rTMS
Kuroda et al., 2010	N = 8, MD	10 Hz, 100% RMT	10 (1000)	L DLPFC	L-[β−11C]DOPA	NS
Lamusuo et al., 2017	N = 11, HC	10 Hz, 90% RMT	1 (1000)	L DLPFC	[11C]raclopride	NS
Malik et al., 2018	N = 8, HC	10 Hz, 120% RMT 1 Hz, 120% RMT	1 (1000) 1 (1020)	Bilateral insula (H-coil)	[11C] PHNO	↑ DA L and R SN (1 Hz) ↑ DA L and R SMST (1 Hz)

↑, increase; ↓, decrease; ACC, anterior cingulate cortex; bi, bilateral; DA, dopamine release; DAT, dopamine transporter; DLPFC, dorsolateral prefrontal cortex; GD, gambling disorder; HC, healthy control; ips, ipsilateral; L, left; M1, motor cortex; MD, mood disorder; mOFC, medial orbitofrontal cortex; NS, non-significant; PD, Parkinson’s disease; R, right; SMST, sensorimotor striatum; SN, substantia nigra.