Table 3.

Anti-cancer effects of galangin based on in vivo studies.

Type of cancer	Animal models	Effects	Mechanisms	Dosage	Duration	References
Glioblastoma	Male BALB/C Nude mice administered with 1 × 10 6 U87-luciferase cells	Inhibited tumor proliferation	↓ Skp2, ↓ EMT, ↑ survival galangin treated mice, ↑ ubiquitination of Skp2 in the intracranial	100 mg/kg	21 days	12
	Female BALB/C Nude Mice Injected Intracranially With U87-Luciferase Cells (5 × 10 5 Cells)	Inhibited tumor growth	↓ CD44 levels, ↓ vessel density, ↓ CD44, ↓ N-cadherin, ↓ Vimentin, ↓ Snail, ↓ VEGF	200mg/kg/	28 days	15
	Male BALB/C Athymic mice xenografted with 3 × 10 5 U87MG cells	Suppressed tumor growth	↓ Ki67, ↓ cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p21, ↓ Bcl-2, ↑ BAX, ↑ cleaved PARP-1,	100 mg/kg	21 days	13
Retinoblastoma	Male, Nude mice subcutaneously injected with HXO-RB44/Y-79 suspensions (2 × 10 6 cells)	Suppressed tumor growth	↓ KI-67, ↑ PTEN, ↑ Caspase-3, ↓ p-Akt (S473 and T308), ↓ PIP2, ↓ PIP3	15 and 30 mg/kg	21 days	39
Laryngeal	SPF MaleBALB/C Nude Mice Subcutaneously Injected With U212 Cell Suspension (2 × 10 7 Cells)	Tumorsuppression	↓ Ki-67, ↑ TUNEL	10, 20 and 30 mg/kg	42 days	42
Esophageal	SPF male BALB/C Nude mice injected subcutaneously with ECA 9706 (2 × 107 cells)	Inhibited the tumor growth	↑ TUNEL, ↑ P53, ↓ Ki-67, ↓ Wnt3a, no significanteffect on AST, ALT and ALB compared to the control group	galangin group (25 mg/kg), berberine group (20 mg/kg)	35 days	76
Osteosarcoma (galangin and berberine)	Male BALB/C Nude mice subcutaneously injected with 1 × 107 MG-63	Tumorvolume was obviously decreased	↑ Col I, ALP, OPN, and OC (osteoblastic differentiation markers), ↑ protein level Runx2, ↑ TGF-b1 production, ↑ phosphorylation of Smad2 and Smad3	50 or 100 mg/kg	28 days	90
Breast	Athymic nude male mice subcutaneously injected with 5 × 105 MCF-7 cells	Inhibited tumor growth	↓ toxicity to mice, ↑ CHOP, ↑ p-AMPK, ↑ DR4, ↑ cleavage Caspase 3,9	20 mg/kg and TRAIL (100 µg/mouse)	28 days	43
Lung (galangin and cisplatin)	Athymic Nude Male, mice injected subcutaneously with A549/DDP (5 × 106 cells)	Suppressed tumor growth	↓ p-STAT3-, ↓ p-NFκB and ↓ Bcl-2-, ↑ Cleaved Caspase-3 and PARP levels	10 mg/kg + DDP (cisplatin) 5 mg/kg	28 days	16
	Male swiss albino mice administered with B(a)P (50 mg/kg body weight dissolved in corn oil, orally)	Inhibits tumor initiation	↓ Cytochrome P450, ↓ Cytochrome b5, ↓ NADPH Cytochrome P450 redcutase ↓ NADPH Cytochrome b5 reductase (phase I), ↑ GST, ↑ UDP-GT, ↑ DTD	20 mg/kg body	14 days	6
Hepatocellular	Female nude mice xenografted with PCDNA3.1-H19, and H19-KO cells (3 × 105cells)	Inhibited tumor growth	↓ H19, ↓ cell migration and invasion, ↓ S phase cells, mRNA of TP53- and p53-related genes (CDIP1, FOS, and CREB3L3) were significantly differentially expressed	20 mg/kg	14 days	11
	BALB/C Athymic nude mice injected subcutaneously with HepG 2 cells (2 × 106 cells)	Suppressed tumor volume	↓p- AKT, ↓ mTOR, ↑ p-AMPK	70 mg/kg, 35 mg/kg or 17.5 mg/kg	28 days	30
Gastric	Male Nude mice inoculated subcutaneously with MGC 803 cells (5 × 106 cells	Inhibited tumor growth	↓ p-JAK2/JAK2, ↓ p-STAT3/STAT3, ↓ Bcl-2, ↓ caspase-3, ↓ Ki67, ↑ cleaved caspase-3, ↑cleaved PARP	120 mg/kg	21 days	9
Renal	Male albino wistar rats	Ameliorates cisplatin induced nephrotoxicity	↑ Bax, ↓ Bcl-2, ↓ DNA fragmentation, ↓ NFκB↓ p38, ↓ JNK, ↓ ERK1/2	25, 50 and 100 mg/kg (Administered orally )	10 days	96
Ovarian	Ovcar-3 cells (1.2 × 106 cells) implanted into the chorioallantoic membrane (cam) of the 9-day-old chicken embryo	Inhibit in vivo angiogenesis	↓ blood vessels, ↓ HIF-1α, ↓ phosphorylation of Akt and p70S6K, no effecton the expression of PTEN and NFκB (p50)	40 µM	9 days	8