Table 4.
HRs of heart failure in sarcoidosis associated with covariates evaluated at start of follow-up (second visit for sarcoidosis in the National Patient Register)
| Heart failure | HR* (95% CI) | ||||
| Yes (n=204) |
No (n=8370) |
Univariable | Multivariable model 1 | Multivariable model 2 | |
| Age at sarcoidosis diagnosis†, years | 67 (59, 76) | 48 (37, 60) | 2.4 (2.2 to 2.7) | — | 1.9 (1.7 to 2.2) |
| Male | 114 (56) | 4636 (55) | 1.0 (0.8 to 1.3) | — | 1.5 (1.1 to 2.0) |
| Education‡, years | — | ||||
| ≤9 | 98 (48) | 1781 (21) | 4.1 (2.8 to 6.1) | 1.9 (1.3 to 2.9) | |
| 10–12 | 73 (36) | 4129 (49) | 1.3 (0.9 to 2.0) | 1.3 (0.9 to 2.0) | |
| ≥13 | 33 (16) | 2460 (29) | 1.0 (reference) | 1.0 (reference) | |
| Hypertension | 107 (52) | 1789 (21) | 5.7 (4.3 to 7.5) | 2.2 (1.6 to 2.9) | 1.2 (0.9 to 1.7) |
| Diabetes mellitus | 58 (28) | 609 (7) | 6.2 (4.5 to 8.4) | 3.2 (2.3 to 4.4) | 2.5 (1.8 to 3.6) |
| Chronic kidney disease | 20 (10) | 173 (2) | 6.2 (3.9 to 9.9) | 1.9 (1.2 to 3.1) | 1.4 (0.8 to 2.2) |
| Alcohol-related disease | 10 (5) | 186 (2) | 2.9 (1.5 to 5.5) | 2.4 (1.3 to 4.5) | 2.0 (1.0 to 3.9) |
| Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease | 11 (5) | 225 (3) | 2.4 (1.3 to 4.4) | 1.1 (0.6 to 2.1) | 1.1 (0.6 to 2.1) |
| Heart valve disease | 16 (8) | 73 (1) | 11.1 (6.6 to 18.5) | 3.8 (2.2 to 6.4) | 1.8 (1.0 to 3.1) |
| Ischaemic heart disease or acute myocardial infarction | 47 (23) | 343 (4) | 7.7 (5.6 to 10.7) | 2.4 (1.7 to 3.4) | 1.4 (1.0 to 2.1) |
| Atrial fibrillation | 49 (24) | 214 (3) | 13.6 (9.9 to 18.8) | 4.6 (3.2 to 6.5) | 2.6 (1.8 to 3.9) |
| Other arrhythmia or heart block | 39 (19) | 277 (3) | 8.1 (5.7 to 11.5) | 4.2 (2.9 to 6.0) | 2.5 (1.6 to 3.7) |
| Pulmonary hypertension | ≤5 (2) | 7 (<1) | Not estimable | Not estimable | Not estimable |
| Autoimmune disease | 27 (13) | 674 (8) | 2.0 (1.3 to 3.0) | 1.7 (1.1 to 2.5) | 1.1 (0.7 to 1.7) |
Data are n (%) or median (IQR).
*HRs were estimated from Cox proportional hazards models with years since sarcoidosis diagnosis as the time scale. The multivariable model 1 included age (continuous), sex, region of residence (six healthcare regions), country of birth (Nordic/non-Nordic) and education. The multivariable model 2 included the covariates age, sex, region of residence, country of birth, education and all comorbidities in the table except pulmonary hypertension due to small numbers.
†Effect per 10-year increase.
‡Category ‘≤9 years’ includes <1% missing.