Figure 2.

Phage vector structures and the general biopanning procedure. (A) Schematic representation of M13 phage. M13 phage DNA genome surrounded by five capsid proteins. pIII and pVIII capsid proteins are usually utilized in inserting foreign peptide. (B) Representative T7 lytic phage structure. The T7 phage head is composed of 415 copies of the capsid protein 10A and 10B. The genetically engineered peptide sequence can be modified on the capsid 10B. (C) Biopanning process of phage-displayed peptide libraries. The phage library is bound to the target molecular. The weakly bound and unbound phages are removed by stringent washes, and phage associated with the target are eluted and amplified in E. coli. Three-five rounds of biopanning are necessary, and then the phage genome is sequenced. (A) Reprinted with permission from ²⁶. Copyright 2017 American Chemical Society. (B) Reprinted with permission from ²⁵. Copyright 2014 American Chemical Society. (C) Reprinted from www.neb.com (2021) with permission from New England Biolabs.