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. 2022 Feb 21;13:842740. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.842740

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Copyright © 2022 Premeaux, Yeung, Bukhari, Bowler, Alpan, Gupta and Ndhlovu

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Activated caspase pathways in SARS-CoV-2. (A) Apoptotic and inflammatory pathways associated with caspases in SARS-CoV-2 infection and COVID-19. (B) Structural, non-structural, and accessory proteins of SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2 that modulate caspase-related pathways. TNFR, tumor necrosis factor receptor; CASP, caspase; DISC, death-inducing signaling complex; GSDMD, gasdermin D; ROS, reactive oxygen species; LDH, lactate dehydrogenase; DAMPs, danger-associated molecular patterns; TNFR, tumor necrosis factor receptor; IFNAR, interferon α/β receptor; LPS, lipopolysaccharide; RIPK, receptor-interacting serine/threonine, protein kinase; MLKL, mixed lineage kinase domain-like protein; NSP, non-structural protein.