Table 2.
List of organisms and their associated effects during pregnancy.
| Causative microbiome | Effects on pregnancy | Reference |
|---|---|---|
| The gut microbiome | ||
| Bifidobacteria | Atopic eczema and asthma | (Baldassarre et al., 2018) |
| Enterobacteriaceae | Preterm newborns | (Baldassarre et al., 2018) |
| Enterococcaceae | ||
| Proteobacteria | Metabolic syndrome such as weight gain, hyperglycemia, insulin resistance. | (Koren et al., 2012) |
| Actinobacteria | ||
| Prevotella | Protection against food allergies and Gestational diabetes | (Koren et al., 2012; Turjeman et al., 2021) |
| Staphylococcus spp, | Weight gain | (Turjeman et al., 2021) |
| Escherichia coli | ||
| Ruminococcaceae, and Collinsella | Gestational diabetes | (Turjeman et al., 2021) |
| Enterobacteriaceae, DesulfovibrioParabacteroides distasonis | ||
| Bulleidia moorei, | Risk of Preeclampsia | (Turjeman et al., 2021) |
| Clostridium perfringens, | ||
| Fusobacterium and Veillonella | ||
| Planococcaceae, Lactobacillaceae and Enterobacteriaceae | Preterm neonates | (Hiltunen et al., 2021) |
| Bifidobacterium | Preterm neonates | (Dahl et al., 2018) |
| Streptococcus | ||
| Listeria monocytogenes | Still birth | (Edwards et al., 2017) |
| The oral microbiome | ||
| Pg and intrauterine Bergeyella | Delivered prematurely | (Saadaoui et al., 2021) |
| Lautropia and Neisseria | Saliva and dental plaque | (Li et al., 2021) |
| Porphyromonas gingivalis | Periodontal inflammation, placentas of patients with preeclampsia | (Cobb et al., 2017; Lin et al., 2018) |
| Filifactor alocis | Placentas of patients with preeclampsia | (Cobb et al., 2017) |
| Fusobacterium nucleatum | Preterm birth, periodontal disease and adverse pregnancy complications | (Cobb et al., 2017; Amir et al., 2020; Saadaoui et al., 2021) |
| Prevotella nigrescens | Pregnancy gingivitis | (Gürsoy et al., 2009) |
| Genera Rothia and Staphylococcus | Oral nitrate reduction | (Willmott et al., 2020) |
| Prevotella | Oral nitrate reduction | (Willmott et al., 2020) |
| The vaginal microbiome | ||
| Lactobacilli | Pregnancy-related complications and preterm birth | (Di Simone et al., 2020) |
| Prevotella bivia, Peptostreptococcus, and/or G. vaginalis | Preterm delivery | (Leitich et al., 2003) |
| Candida albicans | Preterm delivery | (Neuman and Koren, 2017) |