Table 3.
Individual polymorphisms identified in each case study, based on the nutrigenetic test.
| Patient 1 | Patient 2 | Patient 3 | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Polymorphisms associated with carbohydrate distribution to the EI |
MTNR1B rs1387153 (C/T) T: risk allele for T2DM C: common allele |
TT | CC | CC |
|
APOA5 rs662799 (T/C) C: risk allele for dyslipidaemia T: common allele |
TT | TT | TT | |
|
CRY1 rs2287161 (G/C minus) C: risk allele for mood disorders G: common allele |
GC | CC | GC | |
|
PCSK7 rs236918 (C/G minus) G: risk allele (rare) for liver cirrhosis and high levels of ferritin, sTfR C: common allele |
CC | CC | CC | |
|
GIPR rs2287019 (C/T) C: risk allele for T2DM T: rare |
CC | CT | TT | |
|
IRS1 rs2943641 (C/T) C: risk allele for T2DM T: rare |
CT | CT | CT | |
|
PLIN-1 rs894160 (G/A minus) A: risk allele for increased waist circumference and T2DM G: common allele |
GG | GG | GG | |
| Polymorphisms checked for ideal fat distribution to the EI | GRS of 8 SNPs related to habitual coffee intake | high | Low | low |
| GRS of 14 SNPs related to FPG | high | moderate | low | |
|
PPM1K rs1440581 (C/T minus) C: risk allele for T2DM and high BCAA/AAA ratio T: common allele |
CC | TT | TT | |
| Polymorphisms for ideal protein distribution | GRS related to DM (31 SNPs) | high for DM | moderate for DM | low for DM |
| GRS of 32SNPs related to BMI, WHR and T2DM | high for OB | low for OB | low for OB | |
|
DHCR7 rs12785878 (T/G) T: risk allele for vitamin D deficiency G: rare in Caucasians (no health effect) |
TT | CT | CT | |
| Polymorphisms associated with ideal MUFA, PUFA or SFA distribution |
IRS1 rs2943641 (C/T) C: risk allele for T2DM T: rare |
CT | CT | CT |
|
GIPR rs2287019 (C/T) C: risk allele for T2DM T: rare |
CT | CT | CT | |
|
PLIN-1 rs894160 (G/A minus) A: risk allele for increased waist circumference and T2DM G: common allele |
GG | GG | GG | |
|
CLOCK rs4580704 (G/C) G: protective effect for T2DM C: common allele |
CC | CC | CC | |
|
CLOCK rs1801260 (C/T) C: risk allele for MetS T: common allele |
TT | TT | TT | |
|
TCF7L2 rs7903146 (C/T) T: risk allele for T2DM C: common allele |
CT | TT | CC | |
|
TCF7L2 rs12255372, (G/T) T: risk allele for T2DM G: common allele |
GG | GG | GG | |
|
LEPR rs3790433 (G/A minus) G: risk allele (common) for IR A: rare allele |
GA | GA | GG | |
| Polymorphisms for ideal fiber intake |
TCF7L2 rs7903146 (C/T) T: risk allele for T2DM C: common allele |
CT | TT | CC |
|
GCKR rs780094 (G/A minus) A: risk allele for T2DM and dyslipidaemia G: common allele |
GG | AG | GG | |
|
GIPR rs2287019 (C/T) C: risk allele for T2DM T: allele rare |
CC | CT | CT | |
|
TCF7L2 rs12255372, (G/T) T: risk allele for T2DM G: common allele |
GG | GT | GG | |
| Specific foods to consume/avoid based on genotype |
TCF7L2 rs7903146 (C/T) T: risk allele for T2DM C: common allele |
CT | TT | CC |
| SNPs/GRS associated with need for micronutrient supplementation in T2DM |
MTHFR rs1801133 (C/T minus) T: risk allele for hypertension, T2DM, folate deficiency, and CVD C: common allele |
CT | TT | CC |
|
MTNR1B rs10830963 (C/G) G: risk allele for T2DM C: common allele |
GG | CC | CC | |
|
SLC30A8 rs13266634 C: risk allele T: rare, protective |
CC | CT | TT | |
|
IRS1 rs2943641 (C/T) C: risk allele for T2DM T: rare |
CC | CC | CT | |
| SNPs/GRS associated with lifestyle changes and exercise for T2DM management |
MTNR1B rs1387153 (C/T) T: risk allele for T2DM C: common allele |
TT | CC | CC |
|
GRS of 32SNPs related to BMI, WHR, and T2DM |
high | low | low | |
|
SLC30A8 rs13266634 C: risk allele T: rare, protective |
CC | CT | TT | |
|
PPARG rs1801282 C: common G: rare, informative for exercise (30) |
CG | CG | CG | |
| SNPs/GRS linked to proper food timing for T2DM management |
MTNR1B rs10830963 (G/C) G: risk allele for T2DM C: common allele |
GG | GC | CC |
AAA, aromatic amino-acids; BCAA, branched-chain amino-acids; BMI, body mass index; CVD, cardiovascular disease; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; FPG, fasting plasma glucose; GRS: genetic risk score; HbA1c, glycosylated hemoglobin; HDL, high-density lipoprotein; LDL, low-density lipoprotein; MetS, metabolic syndrome; OB, obesity; OGTT, oral glucose tolerance test; SBP, systolic blood pressure; SNP, single-nucleotide polymorphism; sTfR, soluble transferrin receptor; T2DM, type diabetes mellitus; WHR, waist-to-hips ratio; 25(OH)D, 25-hydroxy vitamin D.