Table 4.

Tests of Attention/Working Memory

Test Name	Study	Population Characteristics	Video Modality	Connection Speed	Delay Between Assessments	Findings	Administration Notes
Digit Span Forward	Cullum (2014) *	N = 202, n = 83 MCI/AD, n = 119 healthy controls; Mage = 68.5 (SD = 9.5), Meducation = 14.1 (SD = 2.7); 63% Female	H.323 PC - Based Videoconferencing System (Polycom™ iPower 680 Series) that was set up in two non-adjacent rooms	High Speed	Same Day	Similar mean performance. ICC = .590 (fair)
	Wadsworth (2016) *	N = 84, n = 29 MCI/dementia, n = 55 HC; Mage = 64.89 (SD = 9.73), Meducation = 12.58 (SD = 2.35); 63% Female; 0% Caucasian; 100% American Indian	Polycom iPower 680 series videoconferencing system	High Speed	Same Day	Small but significant difference with better face-to-face performance (t - 2.98, p = .004). ICC = .75 (good)
	Vahia (2015)	N = 22 spanish-speaking Hispanics living in US who were referred for cognitive testing by psychiatrist; Mage = 70.75, Meducation = 5.54 ; 22.75% Female; 0% Caucasian; 100% Hispanic	CODEC (coder-decoder) capable of simultaneously streaming video and content (i.e., laptop screen) on side by side monitors, remotely controlled Pan Tilt and Zoom cameras, a tablet PC laptop, videoconference microphone; and dual 26 inch LCD TVs	512 kbit/s	2 weeks	Using mixed-effects models, no significant difference between testing modalities on overall Cognitive Composite score derived from entire test battery (F(1,37) = .31, p =.0579), with slightly better (but not significantly better) performance at second testing session, irrespective of modality. No significant difference in digit forward scores (differences in test scores across testing modalities not provided)	Administered in Spanish
	Wadsworth (2018)	N = 197, n = 78 MCI/AD, n = 119 Healthy Controls; Mage MCI/AD = 72.71 (SD = 8.43), Meducation MCI/AD = 14.56 (SD = 3.10); 46.2% Female; 61.5% Caucasian, 29.5% American Indian	Polycom iPower 680 series videoconferencing system	High Speed	Same Day	No main effect of administration modality (ANCOVA controlling for age, education, gender, and depression scores p = .276).
Digit Span Backwards	Cullum (2014) *	N = 202, n = 83 MCI/AD, n = 119 healthy controls; Mage = 68.5 (SD = 9.5), Meducation = 14.1 (SD = 2.7); 63% Female	H.323 PC - Based Videoconferencing System (Polycom™ iPower 680 Series) that was set up in two non-adjacent rooms	High Speed	Same Day	Similar mean performance across testing modalities. ICC was significant, but fair (.545)
	Wadsworth (2016) *	N = 84, n = 29 MCI/dementia, n = 55 HC; Mage = 64.89 (SD = 9.73), Meducation = 12.58 (SD = 2.35); 63% Female; 0% Caucasian; 100% American Indian	Polycom iPower 680 series videoconferencing system in same facility	High Speed	Same Day	No differences in mean performance (t = .31, p = .760). ICC = .69 (good)
	Vahia (2015)	N = 22 spanish-speaking Hispanics living in US who were referred for cognitive testing by psychiatrist; Mage = 70.75, Meducation = 5.54 ; 22.75% Female; 0% Caucasian; 100% Hispanic	CODEC (coder-decoder) capable of simultaneously streaming video and content (i.e., laptop screen) on side by side monitors, remotely controlled Pan Tilt and Zoom cameras, a tablet PC laptop, videoconference microphone; and dual 26 inch LCD TVs	512 kbit/s	2 weeks	Using mixed-effects models, no significant difference between testing modalities on overall Cognitive Composite score derived from entire test battery (F(1,37) = .31, p =.0579), with slightly better (but not significantly better) performance at second testing session, irrespective of modality. No significant difference in digit forward scores (differences in test scores across testing modalities not provided)	Administered in Spanish
	Wadsworth (2018)	N = 197, n = 78 MCI/AD, n = 119 Healthy Controls; Mage MCI/AD = 72.71 (SD = 8.43), Meducation MCI/AD = 14.56 (SD = 3.10); 46.2% Female; 61.5% Caucasian, 29.5% American Indian	Polycom iPower 680 series videoconferencing system	High Speed	Same Day	No main effect of administration modality (ANCOVA controlling for age, education, gender, and depression scores p = .635)
Digit Span Total	Cullum (2006) *	N = 33, n = MCI, n = AD; Mage = 73.5 (SD = 6.9), Meducation = 15.1 (SD = 2.7); 33% Female; 97% Caucasian	An H.323 PC-based Videoconferencing System was set up in two nonadjacent rooms using a Polycom iPower 680 Series videoconferencing system (2 units)	High Speed	Same Day	Similar mean scores between two testing modalities. ICC = .78 (excellent)
	Grosch (2015) *	N = 8 geropsychiatric VA patients; 12.5% Female	An H.323 PC-based Videoconferencing System at VAMC	384 kb/s	Same Day	No difference in mean test score across conditions. ICC = .72 (good)
Brief Test of Attention	Hildebrand (2004) *	N = 29 HC from Canada, Mage = 68 (SD = 8), Meducation = 13 (SD = 3), MMMSE = 28.9 (SD = 1.3); 73% Female	Videoconferencing systems (LC5000, VTEL) with two 81cm monitors and far-end camera control. Conducted on-site	336 kbit/s	2–4 weeks apart	No difference in mean score across conditions (Limits of agreeement −5.09 – 6.95)

Notes.

^*indicates a study from Brearly et al., (2017)