Table 6.
Tests of Language
| Test Name | Study | Population Characteristics | Video Modality | Connection Speed | Delay Between Assessments | Findings | Administration Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| BNT | Vestal (2006) * | N = 10 Memory Disorder Referral at VA; Mage = 73.9 (SD = 3.7), MMMSE = 26.1 (SD = 1.4) | Television monitor and a microphone completed at VA; technician in room to help | 384 kbit/s | Same Day | Wilcox signed Rank Test non-significant (z = −0.171, p = 0.864) | |
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| BNT-15 | Cullum (2014) * | N = 202, n = 83 MCI/AD, n = 119 healthy controls; Mage = 68.5 (SD = 9.5), Meducation = 14.1 (SD = 2.7); 63% Female | H.323 PC - Based Videoconferencing System (Polycom™ iPower 680 Series) that was set up in two non-adjacent rooms | High Speed | Same Day | Similar mean scores between testing modalities. ICC = .812 (excellent) | |
| Cullum (2006) * | N = 33, n = MCI, n = AD; Mage = 73.5 (SD = 6.9), Meducation = 15.1 (SD = 2.7); 33% Female; 97% Caucasian | An H.323 PC-based Videoconferencing System was set up in two nonadjacent rooms using a Polycom iPower 680 Series videoconferencing system (2 units) | High Speed | Same Day | Similar mean scores between testing modalities. ICC = .87 (excellent) | ||
| Wadsworth (2016) * | N = 84, n = 29 MCI/dementia, n = 55 HC; Mage = 64.89 (SD = 9.73), Meducation = 12.58 (SD = 2.35); 63% Female; 0% Caucasian; 100% American Indian | Polycom iPower 680 series videoconferencing system | High Speed | Same Day | Small but significant difference with better face-to-face performance (t = 3.21, p = .002). ICC = .93 (excellent) | ||
| Wadsworth (2018) | N = 197, n = 78 MCI/AD, n = 119 Healthy Controls; Mage MCI/AD = 72.71 (SD = 8.43), Meducation MCI/AD = 14.56 (SD = 3.10); 46.2% Female; 61.5% Caucasian, 29.5% American Indian | Polycom iPower 680 series videoconferencing system | High Speed | Same Day | No main effect of administration modality (ANCOVA controlling for age, education, gender, and depression scores). Health controls performed better than MCI/AD | ||
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| Ponton-Satz Spanish Naming Test | Vahia (2015) | N = 22 spanish-speaking Hispanics living in US who were referred for cognitive testing by psychiatrist; Mage = 70.75, Meducation = 5.54 ; 22.75% Female; 0% Caucasian; 100% Hispanic | CODEC (coder-decoder) capable of simultaneously streaming video and content (i.e., laptop screen) on side by side monitors, remotely controlled Pan Tilt and Zoom cameras, a tablet PC laptop, videoconference microphone; and dual 26 inch LCD TVs | 512 kbit/s | 2 weeks | Using mixed-effects models, no significant difference between testing modalities on overall Cognitive Composite score derived from entire test battery (F(1,37) = .31, p =.0579), with slightly better (but not significantly better) performance at second testing session, irrespective of modality. No significant difference in naming scores (differences in test scores across testing modalities not provided) | Administered in Spanish |
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| Letter Fluency | Cullum (2014) * | N = 202, n = 83 MCI/AD, n = 119 healthy controls; Mage = 68.5 (SD = 9.5), Meducation = 14.1 (SD = 2.7); 63% Female | H.323 PC - Based Videoconferencing System (Polycom™ iPower 680 Series) that was set up in two non-adjacent rooms | High Speed | Same Day | Similar mean scores between testing modalities. ICC = .848 (excellent) | |
| Cullum (2006) * | N = 33, n = MCI, n = AD; Mage = 73.5 (SD = 6.9), Meducation = 15.1 (SD = 2.7); 33% Female; 97% Caucasian | An H.323 PC-based Videoconferencing System was set up in two nonadjacent rooms using a Polycom iPower 680 Series videoconferencing system (2 units) | High Speed | Same Day | Similar mean scores between testing modalities. ICC = .83 (excellent). | ||
| Hildebrand (2004) * | N = 29 HC from Canada, Mage = 68 (SD = 8), Meducation = 13 (SD = 3), MMMSE = 28.9 (SD = 1.3); 73% Female | Videoconferencing systems (LC5000, VTEL) with two 81cm monitors and far-end camera control. Conducted on-site | 336 kbit/s | 2–4 weeks apart | No difference in mean score across conditions (Limits of agreeement −4.34 – 4.82) | ||
| Vestal (2006) * | N = 10 Memory Disorder Referral at VA; Mage = 73.9 (SD = 3.7), MMMSE = 26.1 (SD = 1.4) | Television monitor and a microphone completed at VA; technician in room to help | 384 kbit/s | Same Day | Wilcox signed Rank Test non-significant (z = −1.316, p = 0.188) | ||
| Wadsworth (2016) * | N = 84, n = 29 MCI/dementia, n = 55 HC; Mage = 64.89 (SD = 9.73), Meducation = 12.58 (SD = 2.35); 63% Female; 0% Caucasian; 100% American Indian | Polycom iPower 680 series videoconferencing system in same facility | High Speed | Same Day | No differences in mean performance (t = −0.10, p = .920; Bonferonni correction set alpha to .004). ICC = .93 (excellent) | ||
| Vahia (2015) | N = 22 spanish-speaking Hispanics living in US who were referred for cognitive testing by psychiatrist; Mage = 70.75, Meducation = 5.54 ; 22.75% Female; 0% Caucasian; 100% Hispanic | CODEC (coder-decoder) capable of simultaneously streaming video and content (i.e., laptop screen) on side by side monitors, remotely controlled Pan Tilt and Zoom cameras, a tablet PC laptop, videoconference microphone; and dual 26 inch LCD TVs | 512 kbit/s | 2 weeks | Using mixed-effects models, no significant difference between testing modalities on overall Cognitive Composite score derived from entire test battery (F(1,37) = .31, p =.0579), with slightly better (but not significantly better) performance at second testing session, irrespective of modality. No significant difference in letter fluency performance (differences in test scores across testing modalities not provided) | Administered in Spanish | |
| Wadsworth (2018) | N = 197, n = 78 MCI/AD, n = 119 Healthy Controls; Mage MCI/AD = 72.71 (SD = 8.43), Meducation MCI/AD = 14.56 (SD = 3.10); 46.2% Female; 61.5% Caucasian, 29.5% American Indian | Polycom iPower 680 series videoconferencing system | High Speed | Same Day | No main effect of administration modality (ANCOVA controlling for age, education, gender, and depression scores p = .814). | ||
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| Category Fluency | Cullum (2014) * | N = 202, n = 83 MCI/AD, n = 119 healthy controls; Mage = 68.5 (SD = 9.5), Meducation = 14.1 (SD = 2.7); 63% Female | H.323 PC - Based Videoconferencing System (Polycom™ iPower 680 Series) that was set up in two non-adjacent rooms | High Speed | Same Day | Similar mean performance across testing modalities. ICC = .719 (good) | |
| Cullum (2006) * | N = 33, n = MCI, n = AD; Mage = 73.5 (SD = 6.9), Meducation = 15.1 (SD = 2.7); 33% Female; 97% Caucasian | An H.323 PC-based Videoconferencing System was set up in two nonadjacent rooms using a Polycom iPower 680 Series videoconferencing system (2 units) | High Speed | Same Day | Similar mean scores between testing modalities. ICC = .58 (fair), which was below threshold of .60. | ||
| Vahia (2015) | N = 22 spanish-speaking Hispanics living in US who were referred for cognitive testing by psychiatrist; Mage = 70.75, Meducation = 5.54 ; 22.75% Female; 0% Caucasian; 100% Hispanic | CODEC (coder-decoder) capable of simultaneously streaming video and content (i.e., laptop screen) on side by side monitors, remotely controlled Pan Tilt and Zoom cameras, a tablet PC laptop, videoconference microphone; and dual 26 inch LCD TVs | 512 kbit/s | 2 weeks | Using mixed-effects models, no significant difference between testing modalities on overall Cognitive Composite score derived from entire test battery (F(1,37) = .31, p =.0579), with slightly better (but not significantly better) performance at second testing session, irrespective of modality. No significant difference in category fluency performance (differences in test scores across testing modalities not provided) | Administered in Spanish | |
| Wadsworth (2016) * | N = 84, n = 29 MCI/dementia, n = 55 HC; Mage = 64.89 (SD = 9.73), Meducation = 12.58 (SD = 2.35); 63% Female; 0% Caucasian; 100% American Indian | Polycom iPower 680 series videoconferencing system in same facility | High Speed | Same Day | No differences in mean performance (t = 2.27, p = .026; Bonferonni correction set alpha to .004). ICC = .74 (good) | ||
| Wadsworth (2018) | N = 197, n = 78 MCI/AD, n = 119 Healthy Controls; Mage MCI/AD = 72.71 (SD = 8.43), Meducation MCI/AD = 14.56 (SD = 3.10); 46.2% Female; 61.5% Caucasian, 29.5% American Indian | Polycom iPower 680 series videoconferencing system | High Speed | Same Day | Small but significant effect of administration modality (p < .001; d = .184 for MCI/AD) | ||
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| Token Test | Vestal (2006) * | N = 10 Memory Disorder Referral at VA; Mage = 73.9 (SD = 3.7), MMMSE = 26.1 (SD = 1.4) | Television monitor and a microphone completed at VA; technician in room to help | 384 kbit/s | Same Day | Wilcox signed Rank Test non-significant (z = −1.084, p = 0.279) | . In addition, a clinician-generated Token Test palate (Appendix B) was used to aid the participants in the correct re-formation of the tokens while being administered the Token Test |
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| Picture Description | Vestal (2006) * | N = 10 Memory Disorder Referral at VA; Mage = 73.9 (SD = 3.7), MMMSE = 26.1 (SD = 1.4) | Television monitor and a microphone completed at VA; technician in room to help | 384 kbit/s | Same Day | Wilcox signed Rank Test non-significant (z = 0.0, p = 1.00) | Cookie theft and picnic scenes |
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| Aural Comprehnsion of Words and Phrases | Vestal (2006) * | N = 10 Memory Disorder Referral at VA; Mage = 73.9 (SD = 3.7), MMMSE = 26.1 (SD = 1.4) | Television monitor and a microphone completed at VA; technician in room to help | 384 kbit/s | Same Day | Wilcox signed Rank Test non-significant (z = −1.20, p = 0.230) | |
Notes.
*
indicates a study from Brearly et al., (2017)