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. 2022 Feb 17;14(3):e14552. doi: 10.15252/emmm.202114552

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© 2022 The Authors. Published under the terms of the CC BY 4.0 license

This is an open access article under the terms of the http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ License, which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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A–C
Immunofluorescence against HSP90 in mouse brains with established metastases. (A) HSP90 positive structures in areas not affected by the metastasis includes the medial habenula, where neurons co‐localize with the chaperone. Scale bars: 100 µm (low magnification), 50 µm (medial habenula nucleus), 12 µm (high magnification neurons). (B) Established metastases from different primary origins and oncogenomic profiles stained with HSP90. Dotted lines delineate the metastasis (cc: cancer cells). Scale bars: 75 µm. (C) Iba1 colocalizes with HSP90 within areas affected by metastases. BB: bisbenzamide. Scale bar: 75 µm (low magnification), 12 µm (high magnification).

D
Immunohistochemistry against HSP90 was performed in human brain metastases (n = 60) from lung (40 cases) and breast cancer (20 cases).

E
Representative human brain metastases showing different intensities or scores for HSP90. Scale bar: 50 µm.

F
Quantification of HSP90 in human brain metastases. 59 out of 60 (98%) showed positive staining of HSP90 in the tumor, 15 (25%) scored with 3 (strong), 36 (60%) with 2 (moderate), and 8 (13%) with 1 (weak) according to the signal intensity of HSP90 in the cytoplasm of cancer cells.

G
Human brain metastases (n = 30) and their matched primary tumors (n = 28 lung and n = 2 breast) were evaluated and compared for HSP90 expression by immunohistochemistry.

H
Quantification of HSP90 in human primary tumors. 29 out of 30 (97%) showed positive staining of HSP90 in the tumor, 6 (20%) scored with 3 (strong), 10 (34%) with 2 (moderate), and 13 (43%) with 1 (weak) according to the signal intensity of HSP90 in the cytoplasm of cancer cells.

I
Schema showing HSP90 scores in matched pairs of primary tumor and brain metastasis. Red: increase of HSP90 score from primary to brain metastasis; green: decrease of HSP90 score; gray: no changes in HSP90 score.

J, K
Representative human brain metastases showing different percentages of nuclear HSP90. Scale bars: (J) 50 µm; (K) low magnification: 100 µm; high magnification: 10 µm. Black arrows point to cancer cells positive for HSP90 in the nucleus.

L
Quantification of nuclear HSP90 in human brain metastases. 54 out of 60 samples (90%) showed positive nuclear HSP90 in the tumor. 27 (45%) showed 1–5% (moderate) and 27 (45%) showed > 5% (high) of nuclear HSP90.

M
Quantification of nuclear HSP90 in human primary tumors. 19 out of 30 (63%) showed positive nuclear HSP90 in the tumor. 9 (30%) showed 1–5% (moderate) and 10 (33%) showed > 5% (high) of nuclear HSP90.