Table 2: Summary of a Suggested Non-invasive Approach to Follow Up Patients After Arteriovenous Shunt Creation and Closure.

Investigation	Baseline	Follow-up After 3–6 Months
NT-proBNP	Baseline before procedure	Follow-up after creation
Ultrasound Doppler	Quantification of AVS flow (Qa)	Follow-up AVS flow (Qa)
Echocardiography	With following measurements: LVEDV, LVESV, LVEF, LAVI, TAPSE, RV FAC, RVLS, TRJV, RVEF, RAVI, IVC, PASP	Suggested predictors of worsening heart functions: High Qa/CO ratio (≥20%) predicts development of HOHF[27] Independent predictors of developing RVF following AVS creation are RVLS free wall ≤14.2% and TRJV >2.61 m/s[9]

AVS = arteriovenous shunt; HOHF = high-output heart failure; IVC = inferior vena cava diameter; LAVI = left atrial volume index; LVEDV = left ventricle end diastolic volume; LVEF = left ventriclular ejection fraction; LVESV = left ventricle end systolic volume; NT-proBNP = N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide; PASP = pulmonary artery systolic pressure; Qa = amount of blood flow through AVS by ultrasound Doppler; Qa/CO = ratio of blood flow through AVS by ultrasound Doppler and cardiac output estimated by echo; RAVI = right atrium volume index; RV FAC = right ventricle fractional area change; RVEF = right ventricluar ejection fraction; RVF = right ventricular failure; RVLS = right ventricle longitudinal strain; TAPSE = tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion; TRJV = tricuspid regurgitation jet velocity.