Fig. 2 |.

Subcortical, cortical and diffusion findings in ENIGMA-Epilepsy. a Subcortical volume (left) and cortical thickness (right) abnormalities shared across all epilepsy syndromes in the ENIGMA-Epilepsy meta-analysis¹²⁴. Coloured bar represents Cohen’s d effect size estimates for case–control differences in each subcortical or cortical region. Red and yellow shading depicts regions with greater volume loss or thinning in patients relative to controls, whereas blue shading represents regions with higher volume relative to controls. Patients with epilepsy had lower volumes of the bilateral thalami and hippocampi and right pallidum relative to controls, and increased volume of the lateral ventricles. The patients also showed cortical thinning in the precentral and paracentral gyri bilaterally and in the left prefrontal, superior parietal and cuneus. b White matter microstructural differences across 38 fibre tracts for the ‘all epilepsies’ cohort compared with controls¹²⁵. All values represent Cohen’s d effect size estimates for differences in fractional anisotropy and mean diffusivity between each patient group and healthy controls. Positive effect sizes reflect diffusion values greater than controls and negative effect sizes represent values lower than controls. The y and z values represent the slice number for the coronal and axial planes, respectively. Across all epilepsies, the greatest effects on fractional anisotropy were observed in the body and genu of the corpus callosum, external capsule, cingulum and corona radiata. The greatest effects on mean diffusivity were observed in the external capsule, anterior corona radiata and superior longitudinal fasciculus. Part a reprinted with permission from ref.¹²⁴. Part b adapted with permission from ref.¹²⁵.