Table 1.

Clinical application of mesenchymal stem cells in autoimmune diseases

Disease	Infusion method	MSC source	Enrollment number		Cell mass	Outcome	NCT number		Reference
RA	I.V	Autologous BM-MSC	9		1 × 106/kg	Clinical efficacy		NCT03333681		[45]
RA	I.V	Autologous BM-MSC	13		1 × 106/kg	Reduction of B cells response		NCT03333681		[50]
RA	I.V	Autologous BM-MSC	13		1 × 106/kg	Immunomodulatory effects of MSCT		NCT03333681		[53]
RA	Intra-articular knee	Autologous BM-MSC	30		40 × 106/joint	Clinical efficacy		NCT01873625		[98]
RA	I.V	Allogeneic AD-MSC	20		1 × 106/kg	Clinical efficacy		NCT01663116		[46]
			20		2 × 106/kg
			6		4 × 106/kg
RA	I.V	hUC-MSC with IFN-γ	63		1 × 106/kg	Clinical efficacy		Unknown		[47]
RA	I.V	hUC-MSC	105		1 × 106/kg	Clinical efficacy/IFN-γ levels predicts the therapeutic effects of MSCs		Unknown		[48]
RA	I.V	hUC-MSC	64		2 × 107 cell	UC-MSC cells + DMARDs therapy can be a safe, effective and feasible		NCT01547091		[49]
RA	I.V	hUC-MSC	172		4 × 107 cell	UC-MSC cells + DMARDs provide safe, and persistent clinical benefits		NCT01547091		[51]
RA	I.V	hUC-MSC with LG	119		4 × 107 cell	LG + UC-MSCs can improve the curative effect of RA patients		NCT01547091		[99]
RA	I.V	hUC-MSC	3		2.5 × 107cell	Clinical efficacy		NCT02221258		[52]
			3		5 × 107 cell
			3		1 × 108 cell
T1DM	I.V	hUC-MSC	53		1 × 106/kg	Clinical efficacy		Unknown		[55]
T1DM	I.V	hUC-MSC	42		1.1 × 106/kg	Clinical efficacy		NCT01374854		[58]
		BM-MNC			106.8 × 106/kg
T1DM	I.V	AD-ASC + Vit D	9		1 × 106/kg	Clinical efficacy		NCT03920397		[56]
T1DM	I.V	AD-ASC + Vit D	13		67.37 ± 7.65 × 106cells	Clinical efficacy		NCT03920397		[57]
T1DM	I.V	Autologous BM-MSC	20		2.1–3.6 × 106/kg	Clinical efficacy		NCT01068951		[59]
T1DM	I.A	IS-AD-MSC + autologous BM-HSC	10		5.3 × 106/ml	Autologous IS-AD-MSC + BM-HSC co-infusion offers better long-term control of hyperglycemia		Unknown		[60]
		IS-AD-MSC + allogenic BM-HSC			5.1 × 106/ml
T1DM	I.A	IS-AD-MSC plus BM-HSC	10		2.7 × 104/kg	Clinical efficacy		Unknown		[100]
					60.55 × 106/kg
T1DM	I.A	IS-AD-MSC plus BM-HSC	11		Unknown	Clinical efficacy		Unknown		[101]
T1DM	I.V	WJ-MSC	29		2.6 ± 1.2 × 107 cells	Clinical efficacy/restoration of function islet β cells		Unknown		[61]
MS	I.V	Autologous BM-MSC	10		1–2 × 106/kg	Clinical efficacy		NCT00395200		[68]
MS	I.T	Autologous BM-MSC	10		110 ± 23.1 × 106/cells	Clinical efficacy		NCT01895439		[72]
MS	I.V	Autologous BM-MSC	10		1.6 × 106/kg	Clinical efficacy		NCT00395200		[69]
MS	I.T	Autologous BM-MSC	10		8.73 × 106cells	Feasibility of autologous MSC for treatment of MS patients		Unknown		[102]
MS	I.T	Autologous BM-MSC	10		3–5 × 107cells	Clinical but not radiological efficacy		Unknown		[103]
MS	I.T	Autologous BM-MSC	25		29.5 × 106cells	Safe and feasible therapeutic approach		Unknown		[104]
MS	I.T & I.V	Autologous BM-MSC	15		2.5 × 106cells	Clinically feasible and relatively safe procedure and induces immediate immunomodulatory effects		NCT00781872		[70]
MS	I.T & I.V	Autologous BM-MSC	48		1 × 106/kg	Clinical efficacy/I.T administration was efficacious than the I.V		NCT02166021		[64]
MS	I.V	Autologous AD-MSC	10		1 × 106/kg	Safe and feasible		NCT01056471		[71]
			9		4 × 106/kg
MS	I.V	hUC-MSC	20		20 × 106/cells	Safe and feasible		NCT02034188		[65]
MS	I.V	hUC-MSC	23		4 × 106/kg	High potential for hUC-MSC treatment of MS		Unknown		[105]
MS	I.V	Placenta-MSC	16		15 × 107/cells	Safe and well tolerated in patients with MS		Unknown		[73]
					6 × 108/cells
MS	I.T	MSC-NP	20		5.3 × 106 to 1 × 107 cells	Clinical efficacy		NCT01933802		[66]
MS	I.T	MSC-NP	18		9.4 × 106cells	Clinical efficacy		NCT01933802		[67]
SLE	I.V	BM-MSC	58		1 × 106/kg	Clinical efficacy		NCT00698191		[106]
SLE	I.V	BM-MSC	15		1 × 106/kg	Clinical efficacy		NCT00698191		[107]
SLE	I.V	BM-MSC	4		≥ 1 × 106/kg	Clinical efficacy		NCT00698191		[108]
SLE	I.V	hUC-MSC	178		1 × 106/kg	Safe and feasible		NCT00698191		[109]
SLE	I.V	hUC-MSC	40		Unknown	16 patients had no clinical response		NCT01741857		[80]
						Seven patients relapse after 6 months
SLE	I.V	hUC-MSC	79		1 × 106/kg	UC-MSCs suppressed T cell proliferation in lupus patients by secreting IDO		NCT01741857		[82]
SLE	I.V	hUC-MSC	18		2.8 × 108/cells	hUC-MSC has no apparent additional effect over and above standard immunosuppression		NCT01539902		[76]
SLE	I.V	BM-MSC	81		1 × 106/kg	Clinical efficacy		Unknown		[110]
		hUC-MSC
SLE	I.V	BM-MSC	35		1 × 106/kg	Clinical efficacy		NCT00698191		[77]
		hUC-MSC
SLE	I.V	hUC-MSC	16		1 × 106/kg	Clinical efficacy		NCT00698191		[81]
SLE	I.V	BM-MSC	87		1 × 106/kg	Clinical efficacy		Unknown		[111]
		hUC-MSC
IBD	I.L	AD-MSC	5		3–30 × 106/cells	Safe and feasible		Unknown		[112]
IBD	I.L	AD-MSC	107		12 × 107/cells	Clinical efficacy		NCT01541579		[86]
IBD	I.L	Autologous AD-MSC	5		Unknown	Safe and feasible		Unknown		[113]
IBD	I.L	AD-MSC	24		2 × 107/cells	Safe and feasible		NCT01372969		[114]
IBD	I.V	Autologous BM-MSC	4		2 × 106/kg	Clinical efficacy		NCT01659762		[115]
			4		5 × 106/kg
			4		10 × 106/kg
IBD	I.V	Autologous BM-MSC	10		1–2 × 106/kg	Safe and feasible		NTR1360		[116]
IBD	I.V	BM-MSC	16		2 × 106/kg	Clinical efficacy		NCT01090817		[3]
IBD	I.V	hUC-MSC	41		1 × 106/kg	Clinical efficacy		NCT02445547		[88]
IBD	I.L	BM-MSC	5		1 × 107/cells	Clinical efficacy		NCT01144962		[89]
			5		3 × 107/cells
			5		9 × 107/cells
IBD	I.V	BM-MSC	30		3 × 106/kg	Safe and effective		Unknown		[117]
IBD	I.L	BM-MSC	5		1 × 107/cells	Clinical efficacy		NCT01144962		[90]
			5		3 × 107/cells
			5		9 × 107/cells
SS	I.V	hUC-MSC	24		1 × 106/kg	Safe and effective		NCT00953485		[93]

RA, rheumatoid arthritis; T1DM, type 1 diabetes mellitus; MS, multiple sclerosis; SLE, systemic lupus erythematosus; IBD, inflammatory bowel disease; SS, Sjogren’s syndrome; I.V, intravenous; I.T, intrathecal; I.L, intralesional; I.A, interatrial; MSC, mesenchymal stem cell; BM, bone marrow; hUC, human umbilical cord; AD, adipose tissue; ASC, adipose stem cell; IS, insulin-secreting