Table 2. A summary of studies evaluating the major health-related benefits associated with CB.

Health-promoting benefit	Extract fractions	In vitro or in vivo	Compound	Tumor cell type or model animal	Research results	Reference
Anti-cancer	Fruit	In vivo (mice)	Cyanidin-3-O-glucoside	Balb/c nude mice	Cyanidin-3-glucoside significantly suppressed the growth of SGC-7901 tumor xenografts.	Wang et al. (2016)
	Bark	In vitro	Myricanol	A549 human lung adenocarcinoma cells	Myricanol exhibited growth-inhibiting and apoptosis-inducing activities in A549 cells.	Dai et al. (2014)
	Leaves	In vitro	Myricitrin, quercetrin, Proanthocyanidins	A2780/CP70 ovarian cancer cells	Flavonoids induced apoptosis and G1 cell cycle arrest in ovarian cancer cells.	Zhang et al. (2018b); Zhang et al. (2018c)
	Leaves	In vitro	Prodelphinidins, Proanthocyanidins	OVCAR-3 human ovarian cancer cells	Prodelphinidins and Proanthocyanidins induced apoptosis in OVCAR-3 human ovarian cancer cells.	Fu et al. (2017); Zhang et al. (2018d)
	Fruit	In vitro	Isoquercitrin	HepG2 and Huh7 hepatocellular carcinoma cells	Isoquercitrin induced apoptosis and autophagy in hepatocellular carcinoma cells.	Shui et al. (2020)
Anti-oxidant	Leaves, fruit	In vitro	Myricitrin, Quercetin-3-O-rhamnoside, Phenolic acids, Anthocyanin	–	Flavonoids and phenolic acids exhibited strong chemical and cellular antioxidant activity.	Zhang et al. (2016b)
	Leaves	In vitro	Proanthocyanidins	–	Proanthocyanidins in Chinese bayberry leaves exhibited antioxidant potency.	Fu et al. (2014)
	Fruit	In vivo (pigs)	Cyanidin-3-O-glucoside	Three-day-old Duroc/Landrace Large White F1 cross-neonatal pigs	Cyanidin-3-O-glucoside exhibited protective efficacy on neonatal porcine islets.	Li et al. (2017a)
Anti-diabetic	Fruit	In vivo (mice)	Proanthocyanidins, Flavonols	KK-Ay mice	Fruit extracts significantly reduced fasting blood glucose, elevated glucose tolerance, and insulin sensitivity in diabetic KK-Ay mice.	Liu et al. (2020); Zhang et al. (2016a)
	Fruit	In vivo (mice)	Cyanidin-3-O-glucoside	Six to 8-week-old immune-deficient C57BL/6-rag1tm1/mom male mice	Cyanidin-3-O-glucoside exhibited protective efficacy on neonatal porcine islets	Li et al. (2017a)
	Fruit	In vivo (mice)	Cyanidin-3-O-Glucoside	Pancreatic β cells, diabetic mice	Cyanidin-3-glucoside exhibited protective and hypoglycemic effects in diabetic mice.	Sun et al. (2012)
	Fruit	In vitro	Flavonoids	–	Flavonoids have the ability to α-Glucosidase inhibitory activities.	Yan et al. (2016)
	Leaves	In vitro	Proanthocyanidins	–	Proanthocyanidins exhibited in vitro inhibitory activity against pancreatic α-amylase.	Wang et al. (2020b)
Anti-obesity	Bark	In vivo (zebrafish)	Myricanol	High-fat diet-fed zebrafish	Myricanol mitigated lipid accumulation high fat diet-fed zebrafish.	Shen et al. (2019a)
	Leaves	In vivo (mice)	Proanthocyanidin	High-fat diet-induced obese rats	Procyanidins exhibited anti-obesity activity in a high-fat diet-induced obese rat model.	Zhou, Chen & Ye (2017)
Neuroprotection	Bark	In vitro	Myricitrin, Myricanol	PC12 cells	Myricitrin and myricano l 11-sulfate were shown to be neuroprotective.	Shen et al. (2019b)
Anti-aging	Fruit	In vitro	Phenolic extracts	BSA-fructose model	Phenolics inhibited protein glycation and the formation of advanced glycation end-products, and exhibited anti-aging properties.	Zhang et al. (2021)
Anti-inflammatory	Fruit	In vitro	Flavonols, Myricitrin, Myricetin	human SZ95 sebocytes	Extracts had effects on anti-inflammatory effects in P. acnes-stimulated human SZ95 sebocytes.	Chen et al. (2019)
Treating cerebral and cardiovascular diseases	Root bark	In vivo (mice)	Myricitrin	ApoE −/ −mouse	Myricitrin protects against oxidative stress-induced vascular endothelial cell damage and inhibits early atherosclerosis plaque formation.	Sun et al. (2013b)
	Bark	In vivo (mice)	Myricitrin	Male Sprague-Dawley rats	Myricitrin-induced suppression of myocardial apoptosis.	Sun et al. (2016)
	Bark	In vivo (mice)	Flavonoids	8 week-old male Sprague-Dawley rats	Flavonoids protected against cardiomyocyte injury.	Wang et al. (2019)
	Fruit	In vivo (mice)	Anthocyanins	Male ICR mice	Anthocyanin protected against cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury.	Cui et al. (2018)