| Auxin |
Improves nodulation |
Rademacher (2015), Roy Choudhury, Johns & Pandey (2019)
|
|
Development of shoot architecture |
Sarkar, Haque & Abdul Karim (2002)
|
|
Increases dry matter accumulation and seed yield |
Basuchaudhuri (2016), Dhakne et al. (2015)
|
|
Improves nitrate reductase activity |
Senthil, Pathmanaban & Srinivasan (2003)
|
|
Increases protein content of seeds |
Basuchaudhuri (2016)
|
| Gibberellins |
Enhances water use efficiency (WUE) |
Giri et al. (2018)
|
|
Improves enzyme activity and photosynthesis |
Yuan & Xu (2001)
|
|
Induces nodulation |
Roy Choudhury, Johns & Pandey (2019)
|
|
Improves tolerance to abiotic stress |
Hamayun et al. (2017), Qin et al. (2011), Wang et al. (2017)
|
|
Promotes the development of adventitious roots |
Steffens, Wang & Sauter (2006)
|
|
Increases seed oil content |
Travaglia, Reinoso & Bottini (2009)
|
|
Increases yield and yield components |
Dhakne et al. (2015), Khatun et al. (2016), Upadhyay & Rajeev (2015)
|
|
Induces nodulation |
Roy Choudhury, Johns & Pandey (2019)
|
|
Increases flowering, pod setting and seed yield |
Nagel et al. (2001)
|
| Abscisic acid |
Induces stress tolerance |
O’Brien & Benková (2013)
|
|
Enhances water use efficiency (WUE) |
Gao et al. (2016), Zhao et al. (2018)
|
|
Improves photosynthesis |
Qi et al. (2013)
|
|
Induces adventitious root formation |
Steffens, Wang & Sauter (2006)
|
| Ethylene |
Promotes root and shoot growth, and increases root surface area |
Kim et al. (2018)
|
|
Increases tolerance to stress |
Hamayun et al. (2015)
|
| Salicylic acid |
Increases chlorophyll content, photosynthesis, shoot biomass, and improves antioxidant enzyme activity |
Simaei et al. (2011)
|
|
Induces nodulation |
Roy Choudhury, Johns & Pandey (2019)
|
|
Improves vegetative growth and yield, increases protein and oil content |
Devi et al. (2011), Khatun et al. (2016)
|
| Jasmonic acid |
Increases chlorophyll content |
Hassanein et al. (2009)
|
|
Increases biomass accumulation and grain yield, improves stress tolerance |
Mohamed & Latif (2017)
|
|
Increases nodulation |
Roy Choudhury, Johns & Pandey (2019)
|
|
Increases tolerance to stress, biomass accumulation, water use potential, translocation of photoassimilates, and productivity |
Zhang et al. (2004), Zhang et al. (2008)
|
|
Improves nodulation |
Sudadi (2012)
|
| Amine compounds |
Enhances root elongation and increases endogenous hormone levels |
Qi et al. (2013)
|
|
Improves chlorophyll content, photosynthesis and CO2 assimilation rate |
Qi et al. (2013), Sun et al. (2016), Liu et al. (2019)
|
|
Reduces abscission enzyme activity and increases antioxidant enzyme activity |
Sun et al. (2016)
|
|
Delays leaf senescence |
Zheng et al. (2008)
|
|
Increases dry matter accumulation and seed yield |
Qi et al. (2013), Liu et al. (2019)
|