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Schematic diagram of how preceding forcings (ranks during 2011/2012–2020/21 are labeled) influenced the climate anomalies in the dust source area in 2020/21. Negative anomalies of ND BKSI (shading) resulted in lower SATP1 in Mongolia, while positive JF BKSI anomalies (red contours) led to higher SATP2 in 2021. Coolest SON east Pacific and warmest NDJ northwest Atlantic during 2011/12–2020/21 jointly contributed to less winter precipitation in Mongolia.
