FIGURE 4.The.

mean difference between groups for soluble markers of gut integrity, microbial translocation, systemic and vascular inflammation, and monocyte activation. Bars represent difference in adjusted least square means between groups. The mean values are adjusted for age, sex, race, trunk fat, smoking, and hepatitis C status. Error bars show 95% confidence interval around difference in the mean values. **P < 0.01; *P < 0.05. As an example, in the first graph, values to the right of zero indicate that marker values are higher in the HIV+ heroin+ group compared with those in the HIV+ heroin-group.