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. 2022 Mar 7;9(3):e1151. doi: 10.1212/NXI.0000000000001151

Figure 1. Plasma Biomarkers of CNS Injury in Patients With COVID-19.

Figure 1

Plasma neurofilament (pNfL) and plasma glial fibrillary acidic protein (pGFAP) concentration stratified by age in (A) patients hospitalized with Covid-19 encephalopathy (CE: younger than 50 years, n = 1, older than 50 years, n = 8) and (B and C) patients who experienced Covid-19 pneumonia and are now posthospitalization with neuro-PASC (PNP: younger than 50 years, n = 4, older than 50 years, n = 5), nonhospitalized neuro-PASC patients (NNP group: younger than 50 years, n = 20, older than 50 years, n = 18), and healthy control subjects (HC: younger than 50 years, n = 7, older than 50 years, n = 1). Both pNFL and pGFAP levels are significantly higher in CE older than 50 years than those in all other groups including those older than 50 years (Kruskal-Wallis test; pNfL: H = 16.23, p = 0.0003; pGFAP: H = 7.34, p = 0.02). pGFAP/pNfL ratio (D) represents neuroglial score, where higher scores indicate predominance of astrocytic activation and lower scores predominant neuroaxonal damage.