Table 3.
Perfusion results
| Study | Modality/MRI field | Number/female (age ± SD y) | Tumor Type/WHO grade | Treatment | Imaging | Main finding |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Bian [39] | 3T | 18/8F (44 ± 12) | HGG III–IV | IMRTx 60 Gy, TMZ 75 mg/m2 | DSC | CBV↓ after 1y in corpus callosum vs T0 |
| Fahlström [43] | 1.5T | 10/?F (59 ± 8) | HGG III–IV | IMRTx 60 Gy, TMZ 75 mg/m2 | DSC | CBV↓4.6–6.7%, CBF↓ 5.1–12.5% in GM at 1 m vs < 5 Gy,T0 |
| Fuss [37] | 1.5T | 25/7F (41 ± ?) | LGG II | RTx 60 Gy, DXM 1.5-8 mg/day | DSC | CBV↓ 30% for > 24 Gy after 1.5-24 m vs T0 |
| Jakubovic [40] | 1.5T | 19/9F (? ± ?) | Metastasis | SRS 16-24 Gy | DSC | CBV↑ 43%, CBF↑ 34% after 1 m in 5-10 Gy vs T0 |
| Lee [41] | 1.5T | 22/9F (49 ± ?) | HGG III–IV | RTx 60 Gy | DSC | CBV↓ non-significant vs T0 |
| Nilsen [44] | 3T | 40/24F (63 ± ?) | Metastasis | SRS 15-21 Gy | DSC | CBF, CBV↓ 5%, vessel caliber↑ 5% after 6–9 m vs T0 |
| Price [38] | 3T | 3/1F (? ± ?) | LGG II | RTx 54 Gy | DSC | CBV↓ 16–21%, CBF↓ in WM > 33 Gy vs T0 |
| Singh [45] | 3T | 25/11F (55 ± ?) | recGBM IV | BEV escalating 2–15 mg/kg | DSC | ↔ CBF, CBV in WM after 6-12 m vs T0 |
| Stadlbauer [46] | 3T | 18/8F (54 ± 11) | recGBM IV | BEV 10 mg/kg | DSC | CBV↓ 20–30% after 3 m, 7 m vs T0 and vs no-BEV |
| 18/6F (53 ± 15) | No BEV | |||||
| Weber [42] | 1.5T | 25/11F (57 ± ?) | Metastasis | SRS 16-20 Gy | DSC | ↔ CBF in WM/GM after 1.5-6 m vs T0 |
| Wenz [36] | 1.5T | 19/3F (40 ± 12) | LGG II | CRTx 60 Gy | DSC | CBV↓ 30% in WM and GM after 6 m vs T0 |
| 13/3F (56 ± 9) | Metastasis | WBRTx 30-40 Gy | ||||
| Andre [54] | 1.5/3T | 18/8F (57 ± ?) | recGBM IV | RTx 60 Gy, TMZ, BEV 7.5-10 mg/kg | pCASL | Acute CBF↓ 13% in MCA region vs T0 |
| Chen [55] | 3T | 31/31F (47 ± 5) | Breast II–III | DXR 60, CP 600, DTX 100 mg/m | pCASL | CBF↑ 7–12% after 1 m vs T0 and HC |
| 34/34F (46 ± 4) | HC | No | ||||
| Li [53] | 3T | 21/4F (14 ± ?) | MB IV | RTx 55 Gy, CPT, CP | pCASL | CBF↓ up to 23% after 0.3-15y vs HC and PA group |
| 18/9F (12 ± ?) | PA I | No | ||||
| 64/41F (12 ± ?) | HC | No | ||||
| Nudelman [56] | 3T | 27/27F (50 ± 8) | Breast I–III | RTx 2, DXR 11, CP,DTX, HTx 3 | PASL | CBF↑ 7–12% after 1 m vs CTx- and HC group; CBF↑ 35% in CTx + , CBF↑ 13% in CTx- both in precentral gyrus vs HC |
| 26/26F (52 ± 9) | Breast 0–II | RTx 6, HTx | ||||
| 26/26F (48 ± 10) | HC | No | ||||
| Nudelman [57] | 3T | 24/24F (49 ± 8) | Breast I–III | RTx 2, DXR 11, CP, DTX, HTx | PASL | CBF↑ after 1 m and 12 m in CTx + vs T0 |
| 23/23F (59 ± 9) | Breast 0–II | HTx | ||||
| Petr [140] | 3T | 24/? (54 ± 14) | GBM IV | IMRTx 60 Gy, TMZ 75 mg/m2 | pCASL | CBF↓ 9.8% in GM after 3 and 6 m vs T0 |
| Petr [9] | 3T | 44/20F (55 ± 13) | GBM IV | RTx 60 Gy, TMZ 75 mg/m2 | pCASL | CBF↓ 10–11% in GM after 3 and 6 m, proton and photon therapy comparable ↓ vs T0 |
| 16/5F (52 ± 16) | Proton 60 Gy, TMZ 75 mg/m2 | |||||
| Wang [52] | 3T | 16/? (65 ± 9) | LGG I–II | RTx 36-63 Gy | pCASL | CBF↓ 7–18% after 2-4 m vs T0 |
| 19/? (62 ± 9) | HGG III–IV | CBF↑ 0–18% after 2-4 m vs T0 | ||||
| Weber [42] | 1.5T | 25/11F (25–73) | Metastases | SRS 16-20 Gy | PASL | ↔ CBF WM/GM until 6 m vs T0 |
| Artzi [50] | 3T | 26/16 (51 ± 12) | HGG III–IV | RTx, BEV | DCE | ↔ Vp in WM or GM vs T0 |
| 11/? (37 ± 11) | HC | No | ||||
| Cao [47] | 1.5T | 10/1F (45 ± 16) | CNS I–III | 3D-CRTx 50-60 Gy | DCE | Vp↑ 12% after 1 m, Ktrans↑ 52% at w6 of therapy vs T0 |
| Fahlström [48] | 1.5T | 12/?F (56 ± 11) | HGG III–IV | IMRTx 60 Gy, TMZ 75 mg/m2, BEV | DCE | Ve↑ 8% after 3 m vs T0 |
| Farjam [49] | 1.5T | 27/10F (50 ± 12) | CNS I–III | IMRT/3DCRTx 50-60 Gy | DCE | Ktrans ↑ in hippocampus after 1 m vs T0 |
| Wong [51] | 3T | 14/9F (?) | Metastases | WBRTx 37.5 Gy | DCE | ↔ after 1–5 months vs T0 |
| Gulaldi [33] | SPECT | 18/5F (42 ± 13) | Glioma II–IV | RTx 54-64 Gy, CTx | Tc-99 m-HMPAO | CBF↓ 18.5% in < 3 Gy, 22.5% in > 3 Gy after 3-6 m vs T0 |
| Hahn [34] | PET | 11/5F (48 ± ?) | CNS I–III | 3DCRTx 50-60 Gy | 15O-H2O | CBF↑ 0.6–5.1% in > 10 Gy at 3w vs < 5 Gy, T0; resolved after 6 m vs T0 |
| Taki [32] | SPECT | 13/8F (52 ± ?) | CNS, AVM, metastases | SRS 14-25 Gy | Tc-99 m-HMPAO | CBF↓ 4, 7% whole brain after 2w and 3 m in 2-5 Gy vs T0 |
| Vera [35] | SPECT | 12/5F (11 ± ?) | AML, AAL | WBRTx 12-18 Gy, HD ara-C 18–36 g/m2 | Tc-99 m-HMPAO | Heterogeneous CBF in cortex, cerebellum after 1 m vs T0 |
Tumor type: AAL acute lymphoid leukemia, AML acute myeloid leukemia, AVM arteriovenous malformation, CNS central nervous system, GBM glioblastoma, HC healthy control, HGG high-grade glioma, LGG low-grade glioma, MB medulloblastoma, PA pilocytic astrocytoma, recGBM recurrent GBM, WHO World Health Organization
Treatment type: BEV bevacizumab, CTx chemotherapy, CPT cisplatin, CRTx conformal RTx, CP cyclophosphamide, DXM dexamethasone, DTX docetaxel, DXR doxorubicin, HTx hormone therapy, IMRTx intensity-modulated RTx, RTx radiotherapy, SRS stereotactic radiosurgery, TMZ temozolomide, WBRTx whole-brain RTx
Imaging: ASL arterial spin labeling, DSC dynamic susceptibility contrast, DCE dynamic contrast enhanced, pCASL pseudo-continuous ASL, PASL pulsed ASL
Findings: CBF cerebral blood flow, CBV cerebral blood volume, Ktrans exchange rate between Ve and Vp, Ve extravascular, extracellular fractional volume, GM gray matter, Vp intravascular blood plasma fractional volume, MCA middle cerebral artery, T0 pre-therapy baseline, WM white matter