Table 4.
Metabolic imaging results
| Study | Modality/MRI field | Number/female (age ± SD y) | Tumor Type/WHO grade | Treatment | Imaging | Main finding |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Alirezaei [79] | 1.5T | 10/5F (36 ± ?) | OGD II | 3D-CRTx 54 Gy | 1H-MRS | NAA/Cr↓ 12,18%, Cho/Cr↑ 15,20% at 1,6 m vs T0 |
| Chawla [76] | 3T | 7/4F (65 ± 11) | Mets, lung | WBRTx 25-40 Gy | 1H-MRS | Cho/Cr↑ 12%, NAA/Cr↓ 14% in hippocampus; Cho/Cr↑ 11% in corpus callosum, both at 1 m vs T0 |
| Chernow [68] | 1.5T | 40/18F (61 ± 9) | Metastases | SRS 38 Gy | 1H-MRS | ↔ NAA/Cr, NAA/Cho, Cho/Cr at 1-12 m vs T0 |
| Davidson [83] | 1.5T | 11/?F (13 ± 3) | ALL, NHL | MTX 6–24 g/m2 | 1H-MRS | Cho↓ 16%; ↔ NAA, Cr, NAA/CR, Cho/Cr, all at 3w-15 m vs HC |
| 17/?F (11–36) | HC | No | ||||
| Davidson [69] | 1.5T | 17/?F (1–16) | CNS, ALL | Cranial RTx | 1H-MRS | ↔ NAA, Cho, Cr, NAA/Cr, Cho/Cr at 8-10y vs HC |
| 17/?F (?) | HC | No | ||||
| de Ruiter [86] | 3T | 17/17F (57 ± 5) | Breast II–III | RTx, FEC + CTC, TMX | 1H-MRS | NAA/Cr↓ 7.8%; ↔ Cho, NAA, Cr, all in left centrum semiovale at 9.5y vs CTx- |
| 15/15F (58 ± 6) | Breast I | RTx | ||||
| Esteve [80] | 1.5T | 11/3F (44 ± 11) | Glioma II–IV | RTx 60 Gy | 1H-MRS | Transient NAA↓ 7%, Cho↑ 10%, Naa/Cho↓ 19% at 4 m, Naa/Cr↓ 18% at 1 m, all vs T0 |
| Follin [84] | 3T | 33/?F (38 ± ?) | ALL | CRTx 18-30 Gy, MTX | 1H-MRS | NAA/Cr↓ 10% in WM, 4.5% in GM; mI/NAA↑ 16% in WM, all at 34y vs HC |
| 29/21F (?) | HC | No | ||||
| Hattingen [89] | 3T | 16/5F (50 ± ?) | rec GBM IV | BEV 10 mg/kg | 1H,31P MRS | ↔ Cho, NAA, Cr, pCr, pCho, Pi, pH, ATP at 2 m vs T0 |
| Kaminaga [72] | 1.5T | 20/8F (42–71) | Metastases | WBRTx 40-50 Gy | 1H-MRS | Cr ↔ , NAA↓, Cho↑ at 3 m vs T0 and T1 |
| Kesler [85] | 3T | 19/19F (55 ± 8) | Breast I–III | RTx 74%, CTx, TMX42% | 1H-MRS | ↔ NAA, Cr, NAA/Cr; mI↑ 15%, Cho↑ 11%; NAA/Cho↓ 15%, all at ~ 5y (range 1-13y) vs HC |
| 17/17F (56 ± 9) | HC | No | ||||
| Lee [73] | 1.5T | 10/5F (55 ± 16) | LGG II | IMRTx 60 Gy, TMZ | 1H-MRS | Cho/Cr↑14% at 2 m, NAA/Cr↓5–7% > 25 Gy at 2-6 m, vs T0 |
| Pospisil [77] | 3T | 10/4F (60 ± 7) | Metastases | WBRTx 30 Gy, CTx 50% | 1H-MRS | NAA↓ 16% in hippocampus at 4 m vs T0 |
| Pospisil [78] | 3 T | 18/7F (58 ± 8) | Metastases | WBRTx 30 Gy, CTx 75% | 1H-MRS | NAA↓13%,Cr↓8%, NAA/Cr↓5% in hippocamp. at 4 m vs T0 |
| Rutkowski [71] | 2T | 43/15F (40 ± ?) | Glioma II–III | 3D-CRTx 60 Gy | 1H-MRS | NAA/Cr↓ 27–31%, Cho/Cr↑ 4–14% in < 6 Gy & 21-39 Gy, all at 9-12 m vs HC and vs T0 |
| 30/15F (29 ± 7) | HC | No | ||||
| Rueckriegel [74] | 3T | 24/?F (14 ± 5) | MB IV | RTx 16-32 Gy, CTx | 1H-MRS | NAA↓ 9% in GM, 12% in WM at 3.4y in MB vs HC. NAA↓ 4% in GM at 2.1y in PA vs HC. ↔ Cr, Cho |
| 15/?F (11 ± 4) | PA I | No | ||||
| 43/?F (14 ± 5) | HC | No | ||||
| Stouten-Kemperman [87] | 3T | 19/19F (56 ± 6) | Breast I–III | RTx, FEC + CTC, TMX | 1H-MRS | NAA/Cr↓ 6% at left centrum semiovale at 12y in high-CTx + vs low-CTx + , CTx-, and HC |
| 24/24F (60 ± 6) | Breast I–III | RTx, FEC, TMX | ||||
| 15/15F (58 ± 6) | Breast I | RTx, TMX 7% | ||||
| 20/20F (60 ± 5) | HC | No | ||||
| Stadlbauer [46] | 3T | 18/8F (54 ± 11) | rec GBM IV | BEV 10 mg/kg | 1H-MRS | ↔ Cr, Cho, NAA in BEV + and BEV- at 3-7 m vs T0 |
| 18/6F (53 ± 15) | rec GBM IV | no BEV | ||||
| Sundgren [81] | 1.5T | 11/1F (44 ± 16) | Intrcran I–II | 3D-CRTx 50-60 Gy | 1H-MRS | NAA/Cr↓ 9–21%, Cho/Cr↓ 9%-23% at T1 till 6 m vs T0 |
| Tong [88] | 3T | 24/24F (43 ± 4) | Breast I–II | RTx 29%, DTX/PTX + CP, HTx 54% | 1H-MRS | NAA↓ 1–4% in posterior cingulate gyrus and dorsal thalamus at 2-3w after vs T0, ↔ NAA in CTx- vs T0 |
| 20/20F (42 ± 4) | Breast 0–I | RTx 20%, HTx 50% | ||||
| Usenius [70] | 1.5T | 8/5F (48 ± 11) | CNS II | RTx 57 Gy | 1H-MRS | NAA/Cr↓ 25% > 59 Gy, ↔ NAA/Cr < 59 Gy, ↔ Cho/Cr, all at 6 m-13y vs HC |
| 5/?F (?) | HC | No | ||||
| Virta [82] | 1.5T | 9/5F (54 ± 5) | glioma II–IV | RTx 62 Gy, CTx 30% | 1H-MRS | NAA/Cr↓ 24% between T1 and 6 m-10.5y vs HC |
| 9/5F (50 ± ?) | HC | No | ||||
| Waldrop [75] | 1.5T | 70/?F (11 ± 5) | CNS | RTx 26-54 Gy, CTx | 1H-MRS | NAA/Cr↓ 15% (CTx + ↓ 22%, CTx- ↓ 12%) vs HC |
| 11/?F (10 ± 3) | HC | No | ||||
| Carideo [97] | PET | 48/22F (45 ± 13) | Glioma II–IV | RTx ?%, CTx- | 18F-DOPA | DOPA ↑ 21% in females at > 1 m vs during TMZ, ↔ DOPA in males, ↔ DOPA at > 1 m vs T0 |
| 57/21F (50 ± 13) | RTx ?%, TMZ | |||||
| 50/26F (54 ± 12) | RTx ?%, during TMZ | |||||
| Hahn [34] | PET | 11/5F (48 ± ?) | CNS I–III | 3D-CRTx 50-60 Gy | FDG | FDG↓ 1.1–6.5% at 3w-6 m vs T0 |
| Pomykala [90] | PET | 23/23F (51 ± 10) | Breast I–III | RTx 87%, HTx 61%, CTx 35% | FDG | ↔ FDG at 12 m vs T1 |
| 10/10F (56 ± 7) | Breast 0–II | RTx 80%, HTx 60% | ||||
| Ponto [92] | PET | 10/10F (74 ± 4) | Breast I–III | CP + MTX, TMX 50% | FDG | Regional FDG difference both positive and negative vs HC |
| 10/10F (75 ± 10) | HC | No | ||||
| Schroyen [94] | PET | 15/15F (51 ± 8) | Breast II–III | CTx (E + CP + PTX) | TSPO | VT ↑ 9% in left and right occipital- and left parietal lobes in CTx + vs HC. VT ↑ 11% in right parietal lobe in CTx + vs CTx- |
| 15/15F (49 ± 6) | Brest 0–III | No | ||||
| 15/15F (44 ± 10) | HC | No | ||||
| Shrot [95] | PET | 14/3F (3–17) | NHL | CTx | FDG | Regional FDG ↓3% and ↑3% per year vs T0 |
| Silverman [91] | PET | 11/11F (52 ± 5) | Breast | CTx, TMX | FDG | FDG↓ 7–8% in lentiform nucleus in CTx + TMX vs CTx + only. ↔ FDG between CTx + , CTx-, and HC at 7y |
| 5/5F (48 ± 6) | Breast | CTx | ||||
| 5/5F (53 ± 4) | Breast | No | ||||
| 3/3F (58 ± 7) | HC | No | ||||
| Sorokin [96] | PET | 21/?F (63 ± 11) | NHL | CTx | FDG | FDG↓ 20% in cortex at 5 m vs T0 |
| Vitor [93] | SPECT | 28/28F (50 ± 9) | Breast I–III | RTx 88%, DXR, CP | Tc-99 m TRODAT | DAT↓ 20–23% at average 30 m vs HC |
| 22/22F (50 ± 7) | HC | No |
Tumor type: AAL acute lymphoid leukemia, CNS central nervous system, GBM glioblastoma, HC healthy control, LGG low-grade glioma, MB medulloblastoma, NHL non-Hodgkin lymphoma, OGD oligodendroglioma, PA pilocytic astrocytoma, recGBM recurrent GBM, WHO World Health Organization
Treatment type: FEC 5 fluorouracil, epirubicin, and CP, BEV bevacizumab, CTx chemotherapy, CPT cisplatin, CRTx conformal RTx, CTC CP, thiotepa, and carboplatin, CP cyclophosphamide, DXM dexamethasone, DTX docetaxel, DXR doxorubicin, HTx hormone therapy, IMRTx intensity-modulated RTx, MTX methotrexate, PTX paclitaxel, RTx radiotherapy, SRS stereotactic radiosurgery, TMX tamoxifen, TMZ temozolomide, WBRTx whole-brain RTx
Imaging: DAT dopamine active transport, MRS magnetic resonance spectroscopy, FDG fluoro-deoxy-glucose, TRODAT tropane derivative radiopharmaceutical for imaging of DAT binding, TSPO translocator protein
Findings: ATP adenosine triphosphate, Cho choline, Cr creatine, GM gray matter, Pi inorganic phosphate, mI myo-inositol, NAA N-acetyl aspartate, pCr phospho-creatinine, pCho phospho-choline, T0 pre-therapy baseline, VT total distribution volume, WM white matter