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. 2022 Mar 7;12:3674. doi: 10.1038/s41598-022-07810-3

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© The Author(s) 2022

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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(a) Proportions of the microbiome at the phylum level. The N-SMI group had a higher proportion of Firmicutes and a lower proportion of Bacteroidetes compared to the L-SMI group. Firmicutes to Bacteroidetes ratio (F/B ratio) was higher in the N-SMI group compared to the L-SMI group. (b) Proportions of the microbiome at the genus level. The phylum Bacteroidetes comprises approximately 90% of the two types of bacteria, Bacteroides and Prevotella. In contrast, the phylum Firmicutes comprises various types of bacteria such as Catenibacterium, Coprobacillus, and Clostridium. (c) F/B ratio and relative abundance of each in the two groups. All two groups were significantly different. F/B ratio (p = 0.0091), Firmicutes (p = 0.0099919, FDR = 0.059951), Bacteroidetes (p = 0.0036818, FDR = 0.044182). One sample in L_SMI contained an outlier of the F/B ratio in the figure. (d) Comparison of alpha diversity. Significantly higher values for N_SMI in Observed species (p = 0.029831) and Chao1 (p = 0.02936); Shannon index (p = 0.2399) was not significantly different. (e) Comparison of β-diversity. No significant difference was found between the two groups. (c.d,e) : Mann–Whitney U test. < Supplementary information for rare names of genus-level bacteria > human: a member of the Rikenellaceae family of bacteria, which includes the gut metagenome as defined by Greengene 13.8. cc_115: Erysipelotrichaceae family, rc4_4: Peptococcaceae family, WAL_1855D: Tissierellaceae family as defined by Greengene 13.8.