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. 2022 Mar 7;12:3694. doi: 10.1038/s41598-022-07739-7

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© The Author(s) 2022, corrected publication 2022

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Biological validation of 96-well inserts. (a) Growth of Caco-2 cells on the 15% (w/v) gelatin membranes over three weeks. The 10% and 20% cultures had identical morphologies, so only the 15% cultures are displayed. Insert apertures at the bottom are shown at upper panels of fluorescence images (the magnification: 4x; scale bars: 500 µm), and the F-actin (red) stain of the cells on the hydrogel membranes (scale bars: 200 µm; the magnification was 20x). (b) Permeability coefficient (mean + SD) of lucifer yellow across Caco-2 cells on the 10%, 15%, 20% (w/v) gelatin membrane assembled inserts (n ≥ 3) and (c) comparison of Pc values of empty hydrogel, 10%, 15%, 20% membrane assembled inserts (n ≥ 5). Error bars indicate mean S.D. statistical significance: ns = P > 0.05, ****P < 0.001, ****P < 0.0001.