Table 1.
Characteristics of the included studies.
| No | Author, year | Study area (years of the survey) | Study design | Age range (years) | Gender (male, %) | Participants | Method for Plasmodium spp. identification | Target gene for PCR | Number of P. vivax (malaria positive) | Method for Duffy antigen genotyping | Duffy status among P. vivax cases |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Abdelraheem et al. (2016) | Sudan (2009) | Cross-sectional study | < 10 (38), 10–20 (9), > 20 (1) | 22, 45.8 | 126 suspected malaria patients | Microscopy, RDT and PCR | SSU rRNA | 48 | PCR–RFLP |
Duffy negative: 4/4 Duffy positive: 44 |
| 2 | Albsheer et al. (2019) | Sudan (2013–2017) | Cross-sectional study | Mean 25 years | Male/female: 1.73 | 992 microscopy positive samples | Microscopy, PCR | SSU rRNA | 190 (992) | Sequencing (190) |
Duffy negative: 34/77 Duffy positive: 156/178 |
| 3 | Brazeau et al. (2021) | Democratic Republic of the Congo (2013–2014) | Cross-sectional study | 15–59 years and 15–49 years | NS | 17,972 screened for P. vivax infection | PCR | SSU rRNA | 467 (5646) | High-Resolution Melt (HRM) |
Duffy negative: 464/467 Duffy positive: 3 |
| 4 | Carvalho et al. (2012) | Brazil (2009) | Cross-sectional study | NS | NS | 678 individuals | Microscopy, PCR | mtDNA | 19 (137) | Sequencing |
Duffy negative: 2/29 Duffy positive: 96/553 |
| 5 | Cavasini et al. (2007) | Brazil (2003–2005) | Cross-sectional study | 18 years | NS | 312 patients with P. vivax infection | Microscopy, PCR | NS | 312 | PCR–RFLP |
Duffy negative: 2/312 Duffy positive: 310 |
| 6 | Dongho et al. (2021) | Cameroon (2016–2017) | Cross-sectional study | Any age | NS | Febrile outpatients (1,001) | PCR | SSU rRNA | 181 (37 mixed-infected with P. falciparum, 2 mixed-infected with P. malariae) (482) | PCR–RFLP | Duffy negative: 181/181 |
| 7 | Fru-Cho et al. (2014) | Cameroon (2008–2009) | Cross-sectional study | 18–55 years | NS | 269 individuals | Microscopy, PCR | SSU rRNA | 13 (4 mixed-infected with P. falciparum and P. malariae | PCR–RFLP, sequencing (12) |
Duffy negative: 6/12 Duffy positive: 6/12 |
| 8 | Gunalan et al. (2017) | Ethiopia | Cross-sectional study | NS | NS | 200 symptomatic or febrile patient | Microscopy, PCR | SSU rRNA | 200 | Sequencing |
Duffy negative: 2/71 Duffy positive: NA/129 |
| 9 | Hamdinou et al. (2017) | Mauritania | Cross-sectional study | NS | NS | 129 | Microscopy, RDT | – | 42 (129) | Indirect anti-globulin assay |
Duffy negative: 16/42 Duffy positive: 26 |
| 10 | Howes et al. (2018) | Madagascar (2014) | Cross-sectional study | 19.6 ± 16.5 | 977, 47.4 | 2,783 eligible individuals | Microscopy, RDT and PCR | SSU rRNA | 137 (37 mixed infected with other Plasmodium spp.) (275) | A microtyping kit |
Duffy negative: 44/914 Duffy positive: 86/964 |
| 11 | Kepple et al. (2021) | Ethiopia, Sudan | Case control study | NS | NS | 305 and 107 P. vivax samples from Duffy-positive and Duffy-negative individuals | PCR | SSU rRNA | 412 | NS |
Duffy negative: 16/107 Duffy positive: 42/305 |
| 12 | Lo et al. (2015) | Ethiopia | Cross-sectional study | 0–5 (72), 6–18 (128), > 18 (190) | NS | 390 and 416 community and clinical samples | PCR | SSU rRNA | 23 (73) | Sequencing |
Duffy negative: 2/139 Duffy positive: 21/251 |
| 13 | Lo et al. (2021) | Ethiopia, Botswana, Sudan | Cross-sectional study | NS | NS | 1215 febrile patients | Microscopy, PCR | SSU rRNA | 332 | Sequencing | Duffy negative: 49/332 |
| 14 | Ménard et al. (2010) | Madagascar (2007) | Cross-sectional study | 3–13 years | NS | 661 asymptomatic school children | Microscopy, RDT and PCR | SSU rRNA | 128 (263) | A micro typing kit |
Duffy negative: 42/476 Duffy positive: 86/185 |
| 15 | Mendes et al. (2011) | Angola (2006–2007) and Equatorial Guinea (2005) | Cross-sectional study | NS | NS | 995 individuals (898 from Angola and 97 from Equatorial Guinea) | PCR | SSU rRNA | 15 (10 mixed infected with other Plasmodium spp.) (245) | PCR–RFLP, sequencing | Duffy negative: 15/15 |
| 16 | Miri-Moghaddam et al. (2014) | Iran (2009–2012) | Case control study | Patients with P. vivax (29.9), patients without P. vivax (29.3) | NS | 160 patients with P. vivax and 160 patients without P. vivax infection | Microscopy | – | 160 | PCR–RFLP, sequencing |
Duffy negative: 2/6 Duffy positive: 158/314 |
| 17 | Mbenda et al. (2014) | Cameroon | Cross-sectional study | 1 month–82 years | 104, 51.7 | 485 malaria symptomatic patients | PCR | SSU rRNA | 8 (2 mixed infected with P. falciparum) (201) | Sequencing | Duffy negative: 8/8 |
| 18 | Mbenda et al. (2016) | Cameroon | Cross-sectional study | 2.3 months and 86 years | 20, 33.3 |
60 malaria symptomatic patients |
PCR | SSU rRNA | 10 (43) | Sequencing | Duffy negative: 10/10 |
| 19 | Niang et al. (2018) | Senegal (2010–2011) | Cross-sectional study | Mean 9 (8–11) | 28, 58.3 | 48 asymptomatic school children (192 samples) | PCR | SSU rRNA | 15 samples positive from 5 individuals (74 samples positive) | Sequencing | Duffy negative: 5/5 |
| 20 | Niangaly et al. (2017) | Mali (2009–2011) | Cohort study | New born to 6 years | NS | 300 children | Microscopy, PCR | SSU rRNA | 25 (134) | Sequencing | Duffy negative: 25/25 |
| 21 | Oboh et al. (2018) | Nigeria (2016–2017) | Cross-sectional study | Mean 23 (1–85) | 197, 45.2 | 436 febrile patients (256 samples for PCR) | Microscopy, RDT and PCR | SSU rRNA | 5 (4 mixed infected with other Plasmodium spp. (256) | Sequencing | Duffy negative: 5/5 |
| 22 | Oboh et al. (2020) | Nigeria (2016–2017) | Cross-sectional study | 25 (2–85), 26 (2–86) | 109, 45 | 242 individuals | Microscopy, RDT and PCR | SSU rRNA | 4 (1 mixed infected with P. falciparum) (145) | Sequencing | Duffy negative: 4/4 |
| 23 | Poirier et al., 2016 | Benin (2009–2010) | Cross-sectional study | NS | NS | 1,234 Beninese blood donors (86 for PCR) | Microscopy, RDT and PCR | SSU rRNA | 13 (86) | Sequencing | Duffy negative: 13/13 |
| 24 | Russo et al. (2017) | Cameroon | Cross-sectional study | Median 24 (4–40) | 191, 39.5 | 484 febrile outpatients | PCR | SSU rRNA | 27 (70) | Sequencing |
Duffy negative: 70/224 Duffy positive: 0/4 |
| 25 | Ryan et al. (2006) | Kenya (1999–2000) | Case–control study | NS | NS | 8 P. vivax positive cases | Microscopy, PCR | SSU rRNA | 9 (9 mixed infected with other Plasmodium spp.) | flow cytometry for Fy6 and Fy3 epitopes | Duffy negative: 9/9 |
| 26 | Woldearegai et al. (2013) | Ethiopia (2009) | Cross-sectional study | NS | NS | 1,931 febrile patients | Microscopy, PCR | SSU rRNA | 111 (205) | Sequencing |
Duffy negative: 3/41 Duffy positive: 108/164 |
| 27 | Wurtz et al. (2011) | Mauritania (2007–2009) | Cross-sectional study | NS | NS | 439 febrile outpatients (277 for Duffy blood group) | PCR | Aquaglyceroporin, P. vivax enoylacyl carrier protein reductase, P. ovale P25 ookinete surface protein | 110 | Sequencing |
Duffy negative: 1/52 Duffy positive: 109/206 |
NS Not specified.