Figure 1. Overview of inhibitors targeting cytokines and their specific receptors in RA treatment. Abatacept blocks CD80 and CD86 in the interface between APC and T cells. Inhibitors of TNF-α, such as infiliximab, etanercept, adalimumab, golimumab, and certolizumab, specifically bind TNF-α. Inhibitors of IL-6, such as tocilizumab and sarilumab, prevent IL-6 from binding to its receptor (IL-6Rα). Sirukumab, olokizumab, and clazakizumab are anti-IL-6 monoclonal Abs that specifically bind IL-6. Secukinumab and ixekizumab are anti-IL-17A monoclonal Abs. ABT-122, COVA-322, and ABBV-257 are dual targeting Abs that block both IL-17A and TNF-α. Bimekizumab, ALX-0761, and RG-7624 target the combination of IL-17A/IL-17F. Anankinra and canakinumab exhibit inhibitory effects by directly binding IL-β and IL-1β receptor 1 (IL-1βR1), respectively. The red lines indicate where the inhibitors block cytokines or their receptors.
