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. 2022 Mar 7;12:4022. doi: 10.1038/s41598-022-07989-5

Table 2.

Mean values (standard deviations) of serum fatty acids for the experimental and control group at different time points and results of intragroup and intergroup differences.

Fatty acids [normal range] Group Baseline End Intra-p-valuea Inter-p-value [∆exp vs. ∆control]b
Middle chain fatty acids
Capric acid C10:0 [n/a] Exp 4.51 (2.26) 3.2 (1.25) 0.089 0.502
Control 5.09 (2.03) 4.55 (2.36) 0.534
Lauric acid C12:0 [n/a] Exp 15.32 (18.69) 5.6 (4.73) 0.066 0.196
Control 12.65 (9.20) 10.55 (6.29) 0.506
Long chain fatty acids
Myristic acid C14:0 [< 70 mg/L] Exp 52.63 (39.32) 24.95 (9.73) 0.023* 0.155
Control 54.89 (23.10) 47.62 (23.71) 0.423
Myristoleic acid C14:1 [< 10 mg/L] Exp 3.81 (1.67) 2.89 (1.03) 0.101 0.862
Control 4.56 (1.71) 3.8 (2.76) 0.296
Palmitic acid C16:0 [350–870 mg/L] Exp 794.2 (437.43) 550.27 (104.79) 0.062 0.269
Control 770.87 (250.63) 696.33 (209.49) 0.422
Palmitoleic acid C16:1 [15–68 mg/L] Exp 61.91 (21.29) 43.88 (21.78) 0.003** 0.254
Control 67.95 (19.70) 61.24 (32.36) 0.434
Stearic Acid C18:0 [200–910 mg/L] Exp 386.07 (523.12) 166.8 (32.10) 0.135 0.354
Control 287.33 (299.69) 220.27 (77.16) 0.438
Oleic acid C18:1ω9c [440–1200 mg/L] Exp 620.87 (122.59) 565.07 (130.28) 0.201 0.524
Control 648.73 (132.19) 634.13(196.62) 0.767
Linoleic acid C18:2ω6c [750–1300 mg/L] Exp 988.53 (231.84) 962.27 (344.53) 0.730 0.679
Control 1017.13 (159.05) 953.2 (166.17) 0.227
α-Linolenic acid C18:2ω6c [4–15 mg/L] Exp 28.12 (11.08) 38.29 (23.64) 0.053 0.063
Control 29.58 (15.08) 26.97 (9.28) 0.573
γ-Linolenic acid C18:3ω6 [5–23 mg/L] Exp 14.63 (5.52) 11.12 (3.70) 0.018* 0.348
Control 17.88 (6.79) 16.72 (10.24) 0.588
Arachidonic acid C18:3ω6 [20–400 mg/L] Exp 285.2 (87.70) 260.93 (78.07) 0.073 0.992
Control 344.4 (90.34) 319.93 (82.91) 0.139
Eicosapentaenoic acid C18:3ω6 [3–36 mg/L] Exp 31.62 (10.49) 31.19 (17.94) 0.932 0.643
Control 48.29 (19.67) 44.37 (19.04) 0.488
Very long chain fatty acids
Behenic acid C22:0 [20–45 mg/L] Exp 15.85 (11.48) 10.02 (2.77) 0.100 0.632
Control 14.21 (7.87) 10.29 (2.78) 0.091
Erucinic acid C22:1ω9 [< 4 mg/L] Exp 2.59 (2.94) 2 (0.93) 0.404 0.299
Control 1.73 (0.71) 2.37 (3.62) 0.507
Docosadienoinic acid C22:1ω9 [n/a] Exp 2.15 (0.44) 2.37 (0.83) 0.470 0.096
Control 2.24 (0.62) 1.8 (0.67) 0.093
Docosapentaeic acid C22:1ω9 [< 25 mg/L] Exp 16.75 (3.21) 14.87 (3.28) 0.0828 0.833
Control 19.61 (5.94) 18.11 (5.27) 0.315
Docosahexaeic acid C22:6ω3 [25–80 mg/L] Exp 89.71 (41.03) 93.79 (32.02) 0.536 0.124
Control 114.77 (34.85) 103.87 (36.99) 0.139
Lignoceric acid C24:0 [10–50 mg/L] Exp 13.21 (5.29) 8.80 (3.10) 0.016* 0.390
Control 18.86 (16.44) 10.49 (3.58) 0.068
Nervonic acid C24:1ω9 [20–70 mg/L] Exp 18.36 (3.97) 19.62 (1.05) 0.314 0.044*
Control 20.87 (5.86) 18.39 (4.43) 0.076
Trans fatty acids
Elaidic acid C18:1ω9t Exp 7.07 (6.17) 4.37 (2.08) 0.125 0.187
Control 5.79 (3.62) 6.25 (4.43) 0.79
trans-Linoleic acid C18:2ω6t Exp 2.37 (0.73) 2.3 (0.97) 0.824 0.763
Control 2.08 (0.81) 1.89 (0.61) 0.41
Sums and ratios
Total fatty acids (TFA) Exp 3558.73 (1114.36) 2975.33 (590.14) 0.093 0.518
Control 3616.13 (733.15) 3306.33 (781.58) 0.262
Saturated fatty acids (SFA) Exp 1298.53 (1043.43) 776.8 (143.39) 0.087 0.307
Control 1178.13 (594.36) 1010.07 (308.66) 0.388
Monounsaturated fatty acids (MFA) Exp 715.27 (138.51) 641.4 (141.22) 0.114 0.488
Control 750.93 (149.28) 726.8 (224.50) 0.670
Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) Exp 1535.53 (345.44) 1550.67 (325.65) 0.825 0.199
Control 1679.47 (266.40) 1561.80 (308.86) 0.142
Ratio PUFA:SFA Exp 1.56 (0.54) 2.00 (0.18) 0.010* 0.046*
Control 1.58 (0.34) 1.61 (0.27) 0.812
Omega 3 fatty acids (all) Exp 168.87 (49.93) 181.07 (50.37) 0.346 0.111
Control 215.07 (62.46) 195.57 (56.28) 0.204
Omega 6 fatty acids (all) Exp 1366.6 (307.48) 1369.6 (294.12) 0.960 0.176
Control 1464.4 (225.39) 1351.33 (245.64) 0.081
Ratio Omega 6 (all): Omega 3 (all) Exp 8.34 (1.61) 7.90 (1.84) 0.234 0.305
Control 7.21 (1.69) 7.34 (1.75) 0.760
Omega 3-Index ([EPA + DHA]*100/TFA; serum index) Exp 3.66 (1.31) 4.20 (1.22) 0.044* 0.111
Control 4.61 (1.36) 4.44 (0.88) 0.641
Ratio AA : EPA Exp 9.756 (3.96) 11.06 (5.98) 0.420 0.659
Control 7.97 (3.28) 8.39 (3.70) 0.731
Ratio AA : DGLA Exp 4.36 (1.16) 5.18 (1.18) 0.035* 0.187
Control 4.80 (1.35) 4.96 (1.25) 0.620

The displayed values represent fatty acids with significant changes; normal range is given where available: normal ranges were provided by the executing laboratory.

*p < 0.05, **p < 0.01 (all fatty acid concentrations are given in mg/L).

aPaired t-Test to compare baseline vs. week 8 within each group for each fatty acid.

bTwo sample t-Test comparing group changes ∆exp vs. ∆control for each fatty acid.