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. 2022 Mar 7;13:1194. doi: 10.1038/s41467-022-28854-z

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© The Author(s) 2022

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 1 — a Nose-poke self-stimulation test. Animal’s poking of port 1 (randomly assigned) triggered LED stimulation of MS GABAergic neurons via an implanted optical fiber. Vgat-Cre mice were injected with AAV-DIO-ChR2 or AAV-DIO-GFP in MS. b Cumulative counts of nose pokes of the port receiving LED stimulation (blue) and the one without LED stimulation (gray) over 30-min test window for two example mice with ChR2 or GFP expressed in MS. c Percentage count of nose-poking of each port. N.S., not significant, paired t test, n = 7 mice. GFP, p = 0.6259; ChR2, ****p < 0.0001, two-sided paired t test, n = 7 mice. d Illustration of light-dark box test. LED stimulation was applied whenever the animal was in the light chamber. e Percentage time spent in the light chamber for GFP control (n = 5) and ChR2-expressing (n = 4) mice. **p = 0.0016, two-sided t test. f Movement tracking traces for a GFP control (gray) and a ChR2-expressing mouse (blue) in the RTPP test. LED stimulation was applied whenever the animal was in the LED-On chamber. g Percentage time spent in the LED-ON chamber for GFP control (n = 8) and ChR2-expressing (n = 6) mice. ****p < 0.0001, two-sided t test. All error bars in this figure indicate s.d. Source data are provided as a Source Data file.