Table 3. Characteristics of the subjects.
| Variable | Control group | OSA group | P value |
|---|---|---|---|
| Snoring | 81.3% | 98.4% | <0.001 |
| Non-restorative sleep | 36.0% | 37.8% | 0.81 |
| Dry mouth in the morning | 54.7% | 69.3% | 0.037 |
| Witnessed nocturnal apnea | 21.3% | 69.3% | <0.001 |
| Struggling for breath upon awakening | 28.0% | 44.1% | 0.038 |
| Diurnal fatigue | 40.0% | 43.3% | 0.52 |
| Excessive daytime sleepiness (ESS) | 7 [4, 11] | 10 [6, 14] | 0.008 |
| Nocturia | 21.3% | 33.9% | 0.025 |
| Cognitive function impairment | 74.7% | 64.6% | 0.066 |
| Rhinitis symptoms | 61.3% | 56.7% | 0.519 |
| Insomnia | 16.5% | 20.0% | 0.535 |
| Morning headaches | 6.7% | 8.7% | 0.843 |
| Sex | (Male) 66.7% | (Male) 84.3% | 0.003 |
| Age | 37 [31, 44] | 42 [33, 51] | 0.01 |
| Alcohol consumption | (Male) 46.0% | (Male) 71.0% | (Male) 0.003 |
| (Female) 16% | (Female) 0.0% | (Female) 0.064 | |
| History of smoking | (Male) 38.0% | (Male) 51.4% | (Male) 0.118 |
| (Female) 4.0% | (Female) 5.0% | (Female) 0.873 | |
| Diabetes mellitus | 4.0% | 6.3% | 0.654 |
| Hyperlipidemia | 26.7% | 42.5% | 0.021 |
| Cardiovascular disease | 2.7% | 4.7% | 0.465 |
| Asthma | 4% | 4% | 0.807 |
| Hypertension | 26.7% | 37.8% | 0.086 |
| BMI | 25.9 (23.6, 28.7) | 27.4 (25.6, 30.1) | 0.003 |
| BMI Grade | Normal (32.0%) | Normal (11.8%) | 0.021 |
| Overweight (37.3%) | Overweight (48.8%) | ||
| Obesity (30.7%) | Obesity (39.4%) | ||
| Neck circumference | 39.5 (35.6, 41.1) | 41.1 (39.0, 42.5) | <0.001 |
| Central obesity | 56.0% | 83.5% | <0.001 |
| Tonsillar size | Grade 1 (66.7%) | Grade 1 (46.5%) | 0.01 |
| Grade 2 (22.6%) | Grade 2 (31.5%) | ||
| Grade 3 (8.0%) | Grade 3 (11.8%) | ||
| Grade 4 (2.7%) | Grade 4 (10.2%) | ||
| Pharyngeal grade | Grade 1 (9.3%) | Grade 1 (3.2%) | <0.001 |
| Grade 2 (26.3%) | Grade 2 (5.6%) | ||
| Grade 3 (44.7%) | Grade 3 (46.8%) | ||
| Grade 4 (19.7%) | Grade 4 (44.4%) | ||
| Lateral narrowing | 12% | 45.2% | <0.001 |
| Deviated nasal septum | 57.3% | 74.8% | 0.01 |
| Hypertrophic inferior turbinates | 37.3% | 34.7% | 0.701 |
Data are expressed as median (interquartile range) or percentage (%). OSA, obstructive sleep apnea; ESS, Epworth Sleepiness Scale; BMI, body mass index.