Figure 4.

Transplantation of human periodontitis-associated bacteria worsens periodontitis in mice. (A) Representative images of Micro–computed tomography scanning of left maxilla from the indicated groups of mice. Both three-dimensional volume (Upper panels) and multiplanar reconstruction (Lower panels) are shown. (B) Quantification of the distance from cementoenamel junction (CEJ) to alveolar bone crest (ABC). (C) The ratio of bone volume (BV) to total volume (TV) of maxilla surrounding the second molar. (D) Bone mineral density (BMD) (g/cm³) of maxilla surrounding the second molar. (E) Representative hematoxylin–eosin (H&E) staining images of periodontal tissue showing the pathogenic alteration. (F) QRT-PCR analyses of inflammatory and osteoclastogenesis gene expression. Gapdh was used as internal references. The values represent means ± SEM (n = 3:3:6) from three independent experiments. ns, not significant. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ****P < 0.0001.