Table 5.
Treatment effects on blood chemistry and hematological parameters of Hanwoo heifers (Exp. 1; n = 12/treatment)
| Items | Level of SMB-treated FVD, % of as-fed1) | SEM | p-value | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
|
|
||||||
| 0 | 10 | 20 | Treatment | Linear | Quadratic | ||
| Blood chemistry | |||||||
| Total protein (g/dL) | 6.93 | 7.16 | 6.89 | 0.15 | 0.14 | 0.79 | 0.06 |
| Globulin (g/dL) | 2.83 | 3.05 | 2.94 | 0.16 | 0.49 | 0.63 | 0.28 |
| Albumin (g/dL) | 4.10 | 4.11 | 3.94 | 0.08 | 0.17 | 0.18 | 0.18 |
| Creatinine (mg/dL) | 1.31 | 1.26 | 1.23 | 0.10 | 0.71 | 0.42 | 0.91 |
| Urea-N (mg/dL) | 14.3 | 13.9 | 11.1 | 0.66 | <0.01 | <0.01 | 0.18 |
| Glucose (mg/dL) | 59.5 | 55.9 | 62.4 | 1.95 | 0.08 | 0.31 | 0.06 |
| Cholesterol (mg/dL) | 147 | 147 | 138 | 9.90 | 0.77 | 0.55 | 0.69 |
| Free fatty acids (μEq/L) | 163 | 148 | 157 | 12.7 | 0.72 | 0.75 | 0.46 |
| High-density lipoprotein (mg/dL) | 125 | 105 | 115 | 6.90 | 0.16 | 0.29 | 0.11 |
| Low-density lipoprotein (mg/dL) | 55.0 | 56.1 | 49.6 | 5.66 | 0.69 | 0.51 | 0.59 |
| Ceruloplasmin (mg/dL) | 5.19 | 5.13 | 4.80 | 0.30 | 0.64 | 0.38 | 0.73 |
| Total ketones (μmol/L) | 607 | 585 | 461 | 40.6 | 0.04 | 0.02 | 0.32 |
| Acetoacetate (μmol/L) | 45.7 | 44.1 | 33.8 | 2.30 | <0.01 | <0.01 | 0.14 |
| β-hydroxybutyric acid (μmol/L) | 562 | 541 | 427 | 39.2 | 0.05 | 0.02 | 0.34 |
| Blood mineral | |||||||
| Inorganic phosphorus (mg/dL) | 8.44 | 8.49 | 8.30 | 0.19 | 0.79 | 0.63 | 0.63 |
| Sodium (mmol/L) | 145 | 144 | 142 | 0.69 | <0.01 | <0.01 | 0.56 |
| Calcium (mg/dL) | 10.4 | 10.5 | 10.3 | 0.14 | 0.59 | 0.95 | 0.31 |
| Chlorine (mmol/L) | 102 | 102 | 100 | 0.86 | 0.35 | 0.16 | 0.73 |
| Copper (μg/dL) | 71.3 | 73.9 | 67.4 | 4.06 | 0.53 | 0.51 | 0.37 |
| Iron (μg/dL) | 194 | 179 | 210 | 10.9 | 0.38 | 0.79 | 0.18 |
| Organ function | |||||||
| Alanine aminotransferase (U/L) | 26.9 | 28.3 | 27.4 | 1.46 | 0.80 | 0.81 | 0.54 |
| Alkaline phosphatase (U/L) | 144 | 148 | 151 | 11.1 | 0.44 | 0.21 | 0.53 |
| Aspartate aminotransferase (U/L) | 65.3 | 78.0 | 68.8 | 7.89 | 0.51 | 0.76 | 0.27 |
| γ-glutamyltransferase (U/L) | 14.9 | 13.3 | 13.1 | 2.24 | 0.68 | 0.43 | 0.69 |
| Creatinine phosphokinase (U/L) | 223 | 215 | 246 | 42.3 | 0.76 | 0.60 | 0.60 |
| Hematology | |||||||
| White blood cell (103/μL) | 8.64 | 8.57 | 8.78 | 0.29 | 0.96 | 0.86 | 0.83 |
| Red blood cell (106/μL) | 8.31 | 8.50 | 8.59 | 0.14 | 0.71 | 0.42 | 0.89 |
| Hematocrit (%) | 38.4 | 38.2 | 37.8 | 0.54 | 0.92 | 0.70 | 0.89 |
| Hemoglobin (g/dL) | 12.9 | 12.6 | 12.7 | 0.19 | 0.84 | 0.68 | 0.67 |
| Mean corpuscular volume (fL) | 46.5 | 45.2 | 44.1 | 0.61 | 0.31 | 0.13 | 0.92 |
| Mean cell hemoglobin (g/dL) | 15.6 | 14.9 | 14.8 | 0.21 | 0.27 | 0.15 | 0.49 |
| MCHC (g/dL) | 33.6 | 32.9 | 33.5 | 0.18 | 0.26 | 0.93 | 0.11 |
| Platelets (103/μL) | 482 | 483 | 494 | 18.5 | 0.96 | 0.79 | 0.90 |
SMB, sodium metabisulfite; FVD, fruit and vegetable discards; SEM, standard error of mean; MCHC, mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration.
1)
SMB-treated FVD = sodium metabisulfite was added at 6 g/kg of fruit and vegetable discards (wet basis). The treated discards were stored outdoor under aerobic conditions for 1 wk until being added to TMR.